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Medical Lectures > Endocrine Disorders > Flashcards

Endocrine Disorders Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls the function of endocrine organs by neural and hormonal pathways

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2
Q

Neuromusculoskeletal signs and symptoms of endocrine dysfunction:

A 
Signs and symptoms associated with RA
Muscle weakness
Muscle atrophy
Myalgia
Fatigue
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Synovial fluid changes
Periarthritis
Chondrocalcinosis
Spondyloarthropathy
Osteoarthritis
Hand stiffness
Arthralgia
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3
Q

Systemic Endocrine Signs and Symptoms:

A

Excessive or delayed growth
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Mental changes (nervousness, confusion, depression)
Changes in hair (quality and distribution)
Changes in skin pigmentation
Changes in distribution of body fat
Changes in vital signs (elevated body temperature, pulse rate, increased blood pressure
Heart palpitations
Increased perspiration
Kussmaul’s respirations (deep, rapid breathing)
Dehydration or excessive retention of body water

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4
Q

Primary hormones produced by the thyroid

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin

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5
Q

What do T4 and T3 do?

A

regulate the metabolic rate of the body and increase protein synthesis

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6
Q

What can result in heart failure?

A

Sustained tachycardia in hyperthyroidism and sustained bradycardia with cardiac enlargement in hypothyroidism ca result in heart failure

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7
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

An excessive secretion of thyroid hormone

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8
Q

What can hyperthyroidism cause?

A

creates a generalized elevation of body metabolism

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9
Q

Most common form of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease

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10
Q

What does Graves disease do?

A

cases of hyperthyroidism

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11
Q

Who does hyperthyroidism affect?

A

affects women more than men (4:1) especially women between the ages of 20 and 40 years

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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism:

A 
Mild symmetrical enlargement of the thyroid (goiter)
Nervousness
Heat intolerance
Weight loss despite increased appetite
Sweating
Diarrhea
Tremor
Palpitations
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13
Q

Exophthalmos

A

bulging of the eyes

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14
Q

Neuromuscular manifestation of hyperthyroidism:

A

Chronic periarthritis (inflammation that involves the periarticular structures – tendons, ligaments, and joint capsule
pain and reduced ROM
calcification
proximal muscle weakness

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15
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

A deficiency of thyroid hormone in the adult that results in generalized slowed body metabolism

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16
Q

Primary hypothyroidism results from

A

reduced functional thyroid tissue mass or impaired hormonal synthesis or release

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17
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism accounts for

A

small percentage of all cases of hypothyroidism and occurs as a result of inadequate stimulation of the gland

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18
Q

Who does hypothyroidism affect?

A

Affects women more than men (4:1) and usually occurs between 30 and 60 years of age

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19
Q

Typical early clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism:

A

fatigue, mild sensitivity to cold, mild weight gain, forgetfulness, depression, and dry skin or hair

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20
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism progressing:

A

myxedema – a result of an alteration in the composition of the dermis and other tissues causing a nonpitting, body edema, especially around the eyes, hands, feet, pretibial area, and in the supraclavicular fossa

21
Q

Where does calcification usually occur?

A

shoulder

22
Q

Neuromuscular symptoms of hypothyroidism:

A

Flexor tenosynovitis often accompanies carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
proximal muscle weakness
trigger points

23
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

A chronic systemic inflammatory disease that includes a wide range of articular and extra-articular findings

24
Q

Which joints are commonly involved in RA?

A

cervical spine are commonly involved, potentially leading to atlantoaxial subluxation and spinal cord compression

25
Q

Risk factors associated with RA:

A

Age and female gender

peak onset between 3rd and 4th decade

26
Q

Extra-articular lesions include:

A 
Vasculitis
Pericarditis
Interstitial myocarditis
Coronary arteritis
Interstitial pneumonia
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
Pleuritis
Ocular lesions (scleritis, uveitis)
Interstitial nephritis
27
Q

Felty’s syndrome

A

RA, splenomegaly, low WBC count

RA (severe destructive arthritis) + splenomegaly + neutropenia

28
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

autoimmune disorder with dry eyes and dry mouth

29
Q

Nodules for RA:

A 
Bony prominences
Bursae
Tendon sheaths
Lungs
Sclerae
30
Q

What do the nodules correlate with:

A

the presence of rheumatoid factor in serum

31
Q

Ocular RA symptoms:

A

Dryness of eyes, mouth and other mucous membranes
Episcleritis
Scleritis
Scleromalacia due to scleral nodule

32
Q

Most frequent joints involved in RA:

A

the wrist, knee, and joints of the fingers, hands, and feet

33
Q

Goals of treatment:

A

reduce pain, maintain mobility, and minimize stiffness, edema, and joint destruction
primary: control inflammation

34
Q

Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies

A

Partiality for involvement of the axial skeleton
Asymmetrical involvement of a small number of peripheral joints
Young males most commonly afflicted

35
Q

Where is inflammation in Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies?

A

ligament, tendon, and fascial insertion into bone

association with histocompatibility antigens, including HLA-B27

36
Q

What visceral symptoms are included in Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies?

A

carditis, aortitis, and uveitis

37
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

inflammatory arthropathy of the axial skeleton including the SI joints, apophyseal joints, costovertebral joints, and the intervertebral disk articulations

38
Q

What can Ankylosing spondylitis lead to?

A

fibrosis, calcification, and ossification of the involved joints

39
Q

Clinical manifestations of Ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Initial complaint:Insidious onset of back pain and stiffness
Pain usually described as an ache, but can be intermittently sharp
Significant morning stiffness, possibly lasting more than an often, is often present

40
Q

Progressive disease marked by:

A

new onset of symptoms involving the chest wall and upper thoracic and cervical spine

41
Q

Other systematic complaints of Ankylosing spondylitis?

A

weight loss, fever, and fatigue

42
Q

PT for Ankylosing spondylitis?

A

pain relief while maintaining mobility and proper postural alignment of the spine
heat to relieve stiffness
Trunk ROM and strengthening exercises to minimize thoracic kyphosis is essential
Avoiding obesity is recommended to reduce stress on weight bearing joints and the cardiopulmonary system

43
Q

Reiter’s syndrome

A

One of the most common examples of reactive arthritis – defined as a sterile inflammatory arthropathy distant in time and place from the initial inciting infective process

44
Q

What does Reiter’s syndrome usually follow?

A

venereal disease or an episode of bacillary dysentary and is associated with typical extra-articular manifestations

45
Q

Who does Reiter’s syndrome usually affect?

A

Peak onset is the 3rd decade of life and males are more commonly affected than females

46
Q

Triad of symptoms with Reiter’s syndrome?

A

urethritis, conjuctivitis, and arthritis

47
Q

How does arthritis present in Reiter’s syndrome?

A

asymmetrical, acute, and typically involves joints of the LEs including knees ankles, and 1st MTP joint

48
Q

Psoriatic arthritis

A

A seronegative inflammatory joint disease afflicting a small percentage of people who have psoriasis

49
Q

Clinical manifestations

of Psoriatc arthritis?

A

May be oligoarticular or polyarticular
Predilection for the distal interphalangeal joints of the hands, but other joints of the hands may be involved
These joint changes may lead to deformities, like claw deformity
Nail pitting
Sacroiliitis is usually unilateral

Medical Lectures (11 decks)

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