Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MS2 Exam 1 > Renal Disease > Flashcards

Renal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Functions of the Kidneys

A
  • Maintain acid-base balance
  • Filter and excrete waste products of body metabolism
  • Control fluid and electrolyte balance
  • Regulate BP
  • EXCRETE bacterial toxins, water soluble drugs and drug metabolites (the wastes you dont need, when working properly)
  • SECRETE renin and erythropoietin
  • Synthesize Vit D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood urea nitrogen

A
  • end product of protein metabolism
  • what level of protein is being left in the blood and not being excreted
  • will tell you if there may be renal problems OR dehydration, high protein diet, infection and stress, steroid use, GI bleed, anything that causes muscle breakdown
  • 8 to 20 mg/dL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Serum creatinine level

A
  • End product of muscle cell metabolism
  • only affected by renal disease
  • 0.7 to 1.4 mg/dL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Creatinine clearance test

A

-evaluates how well kidneys remove creatinine from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Uric acid test

A
  • 24 hour collection to diagnose gout and kidney disease

- 2.5 to 8.0 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder

-xray to detect urinary calculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bladder ultrasonography

A
  • noninvasive method to measure volume of urine in bladder

- bladder scanning is a form of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Intravenous pyelogram

A

to visualize and identify abnormalities in the renal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Renal angiography

A

to examine the renal blood vessels and renal arterial supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Renal scanning

A

visual imaging of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular function and excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cystoscopy and biopsy of the bladder

A

Mucosa examined for inflammation, calculi, tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Renal biopsy

A

needle sample of tissue for examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

urinalysis

A

test for evaluation of renal system and renal disease

-can be done as a dip stick test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

specific gravity

A

measures the ability of kidneys to concentrate urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The BUN can have inaccurate results based on a patients hydration status

TRUE OR FALSE?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A
  • Strong determinant of renal function
  • Measures the plasma volume that can be cleared of any given substance within a certain time frame

N: 125 mL/min

-GFR formula derived from plasma creatinine, BUN, BP, gender, and age much more specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

UTI

A

Urinary Tract Infection

  • 2nd most common bacterial disease
  • Highest in women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Two Classifications of UTIs

A
  1. Upper and lower UTI

2. Complicated or uncomplicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Upper and Lower UTI Classifications

A
  • Pyelonephritis (upper)
  • Cystitis and urethritis (lower)
  • May lead to urosepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Complicated or uncomplicated UTI

A
  • involves only the bladder (uncomplicated)

- involves coexisting conditions (complicated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antibiotics for UTI

A
  • Trimethoprim/sulfamethazaxole
  • Nitrofurantoid/Macrodantin
  • Fluoroquinolones (Cipro, Levequin, Floxin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Trimethoprim/sulfamethazaxole

A
  • Bactrim, TMP
  • uncomplicated or initial infection
  • inexpensive
  • BID
23
Q

Nitrofurantoid/Macrodantin

A

-3 to 4 times a day

24
Q

Fluoroquinolones (Cipro, Levequin, Floxin)

A

complicated UTI’s

25
Q

Urinary analgesia

A
  • used in conjuction with antibiotics
  • soothing effect on urinary tract
  • pyridium
  • urised
26
Q

pyridium

A
  • stains urine reddish orange

- OTC

27
Q

urised

A

-preparations with methylene blue tint urine blue or green

28
Q

Upper UTIs

A
  • renal parenchyma, pelvis, ureters
  • typically causes fever, chills, flank pain
  • pyelonephritis
29
Q

Lower UTIs

A
  • LUTS (Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms)
  • Emptying symptoms
  • Storage symptoms
30
Q

Emptying symptoms

A
  • hesitancy
  • intermittency
  • post void dribble
  • pain on urination
31
Q

Storage symptoms

A
  • urinary frequency
  • urgency
  • incontinence
  • nocturia
32
Q

Acute Pylonephritis

A
  • commonly starts in renal medulla and spreads to adjacent cortex (Upper UTI)
  • mild fatigue to chills, fever, vomitting
  • urinalysis, C and S, CBC, Blood culture
  • IVP, CT
  • Broad spectrum antibiotics then sensitivity guided therapy
  • Fluorquinolones
33
Q

Chronic Pyelonephritis

A
  • kidneys small, atrophic, shrunken, decreased function due to scarring or fibrosis
  • AKA reflux nephropathy (backward flow), chronic atrophic
  • Often progresses to end-stage renal failure
34
Q

Lower UTI’s

A
  • inflammation of the bladder wall (cystitis)
  • inflammation of the urethra (urethritis)
  • major source of nosocomial infections (40-45%)
35
Q

urethritis

A
  • bacterial or viral
  • Trichomonas, monilial infection, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea
  • STDs
36
Q

Obstructive Uropathies

A
  • Urinary Tract Calculi
  • Strictures
  • Renal Trauma
37
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A
  • immunological disorder
  • 3rd leading cause of renal failure
  • multiple types and classifications

“something happens and then you get it…”

38
Q

Urolithiasis

A

***kidney stones

  • caused by urinary stagnation or super-saturation of urine with poorly soluble crystalloids
  • most stones originate in the kidney and move distally before becoming lodged in narrow areas
39
Q

Clinical Manifestations of glomerulonephritis

A
  • HA
  • high BP
  • facial/periorbital edema
  • lethargic
  • low grade fever
  • weight gain (edema)
  • proteinuria
  • hematuria
  • oliguria
  • dysuria
40
Q

Types of Kidney Stones

A
  • Calcium
  • Struvite
  • Uric Acid
  • Cystine
41
Q

Calcium kidney stones

A

associated with increased Ca+ intake, hyperparathyroidism, hyperuricosuria, hypomagnesuria

42
Q

Struvite

A

due to increased ammonia levels found in renal failure, chronic UTI, urine PH >7

43
Q

Uric Acid

A

found with gout and malignancies with rapid cell turnover

44
Q

Cystine

A

renal tubule reabsorption of sulfur containing amino acids

45
Q

Nursing Indications for kidney stones

A
  • Flank Pain
  • hematuria
  • N/V
  • dysuria
  • urinary frequency
  • Increase hydration
  • dietary changes
  • treat underlying causes
  • antimicrobial agents
  • alkalinize urine (endourologic, lithotripsy, surgery)
46
Q

Nursing Goals for UTIs

A
  • symptomatic relief

- teaching and prevention

47
Q

Teaching and Prevention of UTIs

A
  • showers better than baths
  • perineal cleansing front to back
  • voiding after intercourse
  • anti-microbial therapy
  • no scented toilet paper
  • no perfumes to perineal area
  • empty bladder regularly
48
Q

Manifestations for Cystitis

A
  • frequency
  • urgency
  • suprapubic Pain
  • dysuria
  • hematuria
  • fever
  • confusion in OA
49
Q

Manifestations of Pyelonephritis

A
  • flank pain
  • dysuria
  • pain at costovertebral angle
  • same S/S as cystitis
50
Q

Tx for UTIs

A
  • anti-microbials
  • increase fluid intake
  • prevention
51
Q

Fluorquinolones

A
  • cipro
  • floxin
  • noroxin
  • tequin
52
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder wall

53
Q

Sx of the urinary tract

A
  • nephrectomy
  • urinary diversion (incontinent and continent)
  • orthotopic bladder reconstruction

MS2 Exam 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions