Renal Disease Flashcards
What is the average size of a human kidney?
10 x 5 x 3 cm
Where are the kidneys located in the body?
Retroperitoneal, between the diaphragm (superiorly) and abdominal wall muscles (inferiorly)
What structures are anterior to the right kidney?
Liver, duodenum, and ascending colon
What are the three main regions of the kidney?
Renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
It collects urine before passing it to the ureter.
What percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
20%
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
Ultrafiltration of plasma to produce urine
List three major functions of the kidney.
Salt and water homeostasis, excretion of waste, and endocrine function
Which hormone regulates water retention in the kidney?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What role does the kidney play in acid-base homeostasis?
It reabsorbs bicarbonate and excretes hydrogen ions.
What hormone is produced by the kidney to stimulate red blood cell production?
Erythropoietin (EPO)
How does the kidney contribute to calcium homeostasis?
It converts 25-hydroxyvitamin D to its active form, calcitriol, which increases calcium absorption.
What are the two types of renal disease?
Acute and chronic
What are the common causes of chronic kidney disease?
Hypertension and diabetes
What is the primary cause of diabetic nephropathy?
Prolonged hyperglycemia leading to inflammation and cellular damage
What is the most common type of glomerulonephritis?
IgA nephropathy
What are the three major causes of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
Pre-renal (decreased perfusion), renal (damage to kidney tissue), post-renal (obstruction)
What are two common causes of renal cancer?
Smoking and hypertension
Which bacteria is most commonly responsible for pyelonephritis?
E. coli
What are the two main types of dialysis?
Haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
Why should dental procedures be scheduled on non-dialysis days for patients undergoing haemodialysis?
To minimize the risk of bleeding and infection due to anticoagulant therapy.
What oral condition is more common in renal transplant patients due to immunosuppressive drugs?
Gingival overgrowth
What is the most common solid organ transplant?
Kidney transplant
What impact does chronic kidney disease have on platelet function?
It leads to prolonged bleeding times and impaired platelet aggregation.
Why are patients with chronic kidney disease at a higher risk of oral infections?
Due to impaired immunity and altered salivary flow.
Which dental drugs should be avoided in renal failure patients?
NSAIDs and tetracyclines
How does poor oral health impact dialysis patients?
It is linked to systemic complications such as cardiovascular disease and pneumonia.
What is the safest way to prescribe medications to patients with renal disease?
Adjust dosages based on renal function and avoid nephrotoxic drugs.
