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Ruminants > Renal disease > Flashcards

Renal disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are some causes of acute renal failure?

A

Hemodynamic or septic shock (can be secondary to abomasal volvulus, toxic mastitis, septicemia, etc.)

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2
Q

What are some causes of renal tubular nephrosis?

A

Oxytetracycline, aminoglycoside antibiotics

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3
Q

What are some causes of hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?

A

Copper toxicosis, Leptospirosis, water intoxication, white muscle disease

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4
Q

List miscellaneous nephrotoxins

A

Zinc, mercury, chlorinated hydrocarbons, vitamin D containing plants (Cestrum diurnum), beets, rhubarb, pigweed, oak, brackenfern

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5
Q

What is the most common and important disease of the ruminant urinary tract?

A

Urolithiasis

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6
Q

Which animals are predisposed to urolithiasis?

A

Males castrated at a young age

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7
Q

What time of year does incidence of urolithiasis increase?

A

Late fall and winter and during arid months of summer

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8
Q

Where do uroliths typically lodge?

A

Distal aspect of the sigmoid flexure or the urethral process

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9
Q

What are the types of uroliths that ruminants develop?

A

Struvite, calcium carbonate, silica, calcium oxalate

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10
Q

Describe struvite uroliths

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate; most common urolith in feedlot animals and animals on high concentrate diets, usually see multiple, soft, amorphous stones or “sludge” in the urinary tract

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11
Q

Describe calcium carbonate

A

Can occur in alkaline or acidic urine, possibly predisposed by feeding of urine acidifiers (due to increased calcium excretion), appear as spherical golden stones of varying signs, very radio-opaque, will NOT dissolve

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12
Q

Describe silica stones

A

Occur in animals eating feeds with high silicate (sand) concentrates- typically Western US, stones are single, hard, and damage urethral mucosa, high dietary calcium may predispose

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13
Q

Describe calcium oxalate

A

Not very common, primarily seen in sheep grazing on lush clover or legume, high dietary calcium and oxalate may predispose

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14
Q

What are risk factors for developing uroliths?

A

Decreased salt/water intake, urinary stasis, UTI (rare), high urinary pH (silica and phosphate), high estrogen, vitamin A deficiency

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15
Q

What clinical signs are consistent with urolithiasis?

A

Arched stance, treading, swishing of tail, kicking at belly, stranguria, posturing, urethral pulsations, distended bladder, colic signs, depression, lethargy, anorexia

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16
Q

How is urolithiasis diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs, azotemia and hyperkalemia on chemistry panel, hyponatremia chloremia and calcemia if bladder ruptures, abdominal paracentesis (cre 2x blood), abdominal ultrasound

17
Q

How is urolithiasis treated?

A

Amputation of urethral process plus dissolution or surgical removal
PU not preferred
Tube cystotomy is only option if you want to maintain breeding ability

18
Q

How can urolithiasis be prevented?

A

Urinary acidification (but may predispose to calcium carbonate stones), increase salt in ration, delay castration, urolith specific therapy (Ca:P ratio for struvite etc.), avoid pelleted feeds, remove source of excess minerals (silica)

19
Q

What are the primary causative agents of pyelonephritis?

A

Corynebacterium renale and E. coli

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of pyelonephritis

A

Adhesion of the organism to vulvar mucous membranes initiates infection, bacteria then ascends urinary tract to kidneys

21
Q

When does pyelonephritis occur most frequently?

A

Early lactation in older cows

22
Q

What pH does E. coli prefer? What pH does C. renale prefer?

A

E. coli- <6
C. renale- >7

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyelonephritis?

A

Arched stance, treading of feet, swishing of tail, kicking at belly, fever, anorexia, depression, hematuria, pyuria, stranguria, pollakiuria, dysuria

24
Q

How is pyelonephritis diagnosed?

A

History and clinical signs, rectal palpation of swollen lobulated kidney with thickened bladder and ureter, urinalysis with WBCs and bacteria, renal failure findings on chemistry panel, neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, >10,000 CFU/ml urine, ultrasound showing distension of renal pelvis with abscessation

25
Q

How is pyelonephritis treated?

A

If animal is not valuable, cull
Antibiotics (ceftiofur IM or procaine penicillin) for 4-8 weeks, IV fluids for diuresis, unilateral nephrectomy (last resort)

26
Q

Which animals tend to develop amyloidosis?

A

Older cattle with chronic inflammatory disease (TRP, foot abscess, chronic mastitis, etc.)

27
Q

What clinical signs are associated with amyloidosis?

A

Chronic history of weight loss and depression, chronic diarrhea, uremia, polyuria, foamy urine due to high protein concentration

28
Q

How is amyloidosis diagnosed?

A

Urinalysis with massive persistent proteinuria, leukocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia, histopathology

29
Q

What is the treatment for amyloidosis?

A

None- supportive care until salvage

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of glomerulonephritis?

A

Usually no clinical manifestation but can cause renal failure or nephrotic syndrome

31
Q

What are potential causes of glomerulonephritis?

A

Any infection of low pathogenicity that can produce persistent antigenemia, especially viruses, potentially modified live vaccines

32
Q

What is the toxic agent of brackenfern?

A

Ptaquiloside

33
Q

What disease develops with chronic exposure to brackenfern?

A

Enzootic hematuria

34
Q

What effect does ptaquiloside have on the bladder?

A

Can produce small polyp-like tumors and bleeding masses (hemangiomas)

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with brackenfern toxicosis?

A

Hematuria, anemia, mucous membrane hemorrhages, hyphema, melena

36
Q

What is the principle toxin of oak?

A

Gallotannin

37
Q

Why is oak toxicosis not a big problem in ruminants?

A

They don’t find oak very tasty

38
Q

What are the clinical signs of oak toxicosis?

A

Depression, polydipsia, black diarrhea, teeth grinding, abdominal pain, liver and kidney damage, hematuria, icterus, dehydration

Ruminants (10 decks)

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