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Ruminants > Mastitis > Flashcards

Mastitis Flashcards

1
Q

How does the rate of mastitis relate to age?

A

Increases with age

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2
Q

When do cows have the highest risk of mastitis?

A

At dry off, also immediately postpartum

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3
Q

What’s the primary cell type in healthy quarters? What is it in infected quarters?

A

Healthy- macrophages
Infected- neutrophils

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4
Q

What is a normal SCC? What is a reasonable goal for a SCC? What is the sellable limit for SCC?

A

Normal- 100,000/ml
Goal- <200,000/ml
Sellable- <750,000/ml

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5
Q

Describe subclinical mastitis

A

Milk appears normal but SCC >200k, significant cause of milk loss, may become clinical, usually G + bacteria, 30-50% will culture negative

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6
Q

How is subclinical mastitis usually diagnosed?

A

Through SCC testing, ideally monthly; CMT can be performed but is not very sensitive

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7
Q

Describe grade 1, 2, and 3 clinical mastitis

A

1- abnormal milk
2- abnormal milk and udder
3- abnormal milk, udder, and cow

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8
Q

What is the gold standard of mastitis pathogen diagnosis?

A

Culture

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9
Q

Describe how you would obtain a milk culture

A

Prep teat with alcohol, strip foremilk, express directly into sterile tube

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10
Q

What are the benefits and disadvantages of culturing from a bulk tank?

A

Benefit- can screen a herd for contagious pathogens
Disadvantage- less sensitive than cow testing

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11
Q

Describe proper milking technique

A

Wear disposable gloves, examine foremilk, apply pre-dip, wipe pre-dip, wait for cow to let down, attach claw to a clean dry teat, apply post-dip

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12
Q

Describe blanket dry cow therapy

A

Antibiotic therapy on all dry cows, effective at clearing subclinical mastitis and preventing new infections

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13
Q

Describe selective dry cow therapy

A

Treat cows based on their SCC, reduces antibiotic usage

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14
Q

How does internal teat sealant work?

A

Creates a physical barrier to prevent new cases of mastitis, doesn’t have any antimicrobial properties

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15
Q

What are some ways to prevent mastitis?

A

Buy known negative herds, culture and perform SCC on cows, milk contagious cows last, use backflush system to disinfect teat cups between cows, cull chronically infected cows

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16
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive

A

Gram positive cocci with significant strain variability, 40% of bulk tanks are positive for this, reservoir is chronically infected cows, transmitted primarily at milking

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17
Q

What clinical signs are associated with S. aureus coagulase positive?

A

Usually chronic subclinical infections with high SCC, can cause acute mastitis with cold, dark red/purple udder, more common in small ruminants

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18
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of S. aureus coagulase positive

A

Adheres to epithelium and invades interstitial tissue causing deep infection and abscess formation, can create biofilms, exotoxins leading to fibrosis, and beta lactamases

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19
Q

How is S. aureus coagulase positive diagnosed?

A

Culture is not sensitive and pathogen is intermittently shed so must repeatedly culture high SCC cows, will see zone of hemolysis on G+ media if detected

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20
Q

Describe the treatment of S. aureus coagulase positive

A

Very unlikely to be successful during lactation, can perform extended therapy with IM pirlimycin (no longer on market), ONCE A STAPH COW ALWAYS A STAPH COW

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21
Q

How is S. aureus coagulase positive controlled?

A

Eliminate infected cows (cull or chemically cease lactation in infected quarter with dilute betadine), use good milking technique, segregate positive cows, routine culture, vaccine available but not very effective

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22
Q

Describe Staphylococcus spp. coagulase negative

A

Includes S. chromogenes, hyicus, and simulans; these are the most common isolates from subclinical infection, reservoir is teat skin, primarily transmitted at milking

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23
Q

What are Staph spp. coagulase negative clinical signs

A

Usually chronic subclinical infections (SCC 300-500K), often spontaneously cures itself, more common in goats

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24
Q

How is Staph spp. coagulase negative mastitis diagnosed?

A

Culture of high SCC cows and routine screening of fresh cows showing no hemolysis on gram positive media

25
Q

How is Staph spp. coagulase negative mastitis treated?

A

Subclinical cases are often cleared with dry cow treatment, rarely treated during lactation; clinical cases are rare and have good treatment success rates (penicillin)

26
Q

What is unique to Mycoplasma?

A

It lacks a cell wall so it is inherently resistant to beta-lactams, however is highly susceptible to desiccation

27
Q

What types of Mycoplasma can cause mastitis?

A

Mainly M. bovis, but also californicum and bovigenitalium

28
Q

Where does Mycoplasma live on cows?

A

On mucosal surfaces (may see respiratory disease, arthritis, otitis)

29
Q

How is Mycoplasma transmitted?

A

At milking, through aerosols, and hematogenously in cows

30
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma mastitis?

A

Usually chronic subclinical mastitis with higher SCC than Staph coagulase negative; often affects multiple quarters in the same cow, cows are not systemically ill, infection will not respond to IMM antibiotics

31
Q

How is Mycoplasma mastitis diagnosed?

A

Culture of milk on high SCC cows, needs special plate to grow and takes 7-10 days of incubation, OR PCR with high SCC is highly suggestive

32
Q

How is Mycoplasma mastitis treated?

A

No effective treatment, spontaneous cure is rare and disease can persist in extra-mammary locations

33
Q

How is Mycoplasma mastitis prevented/controlled?

A

Test and cull, good milking hygiene, backflush of teat cups, control of respiratory disease in calves, pasteurize milk fed to calves

34
Q

Describe Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Gram positive cocci that is an obligate intramammary pathogen, rare cause of mastitis today, transmitted EXCLUSIVELY at milking

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of Strep agalactiae mastitis?

A

Usually subclinical infections, can become chronic and lead to fibrosis and atrophy of gland, will see SCC of 800k+

36
Q

How is Strep agalactiae mastitis diagnosed?

A

Culture of high SCC cows and screening of fresh cows, growth on gram positive media and strep media with hemolysis on gram positive media, PCR

37
Q

How is Strep agalactiae mastitis treated?

A

Any beta-lactam IMM, high success rate, treat the whole herd

38
Q

How is Strep agalactiae controlled?

A

Routine screening and treatment of positives, good milking routine, effective dry cow therapy, biosecurity of herd

39
Q

Which types of mastitis should you cull the carriers of?

A

Staph aureus and Mycoplasma

40
Q

Which type of mastitis should you treat the carriers of?

A

Strep agalactiae

41
Q

Which types of mastitis might dry treatment help?

A

Staph aureus, Strep agalactiae, Staph spp. coagulase negative

42
Q

What are the causes of coliform mastitis? Which one is contagious?

A

Klebsiella and E. coli; Klebsiella is contagious

43
Q

Which cause of coliform mastitis is short-lived and which form tends to be chronic?

A

E. coli- short lived, self-cure common
Klebsiella- more commonly chronic

44
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of coliform mastitis

A

Bacteria multiply rapidly in milk and do not adhere to epithelium, cause significant inflammation

45
Q

How are coliform mastitis pathogens identified/diagnosed?

A

Culture is not very sensitive, rule out other causes, needs to be grown on MacConkey agar

46
Q

How do you treat coliform mastitis based on what grade it is?

A

Grade 1, no growth= no treatment
Grade 2, no growth- no antibiotics, could use NSAIDs
Grade 1 or 2, E. coli grown= IMM ceftiofur
Grade 1 or 2, Klebsiella grown= IMM ceftiofur + NSAIDs
Grade 3= IMM ceftiofur + systemic ceftiofur + NSAIDs + hypertonic saline/oral fluids/IV calcium

47
Q

Where are E. coli and Klebsiella found?

A

Normal microbe of the environment and feces

48
Q

How is coliform mastitis controlled?

A

Sand bedding (sawdust = Klebsiella), environmental management, vaccination during dry period, good milking hygiene, teat sealands at dry off

49
Q

How well does the J5 vaccine for E. coli work?

A

Doesn’t reduce number of infections but dramatically reduces severity of infections, may make cows feel lousy after receiving the vaccine but well worth it

50
Q

How well does the SRP vaccine for Klebsiella work?

A

Appears to help, not a slam dunk

51
Q

What types of Strep are environmental?

A

S. uberis, dysgalactiae

52
Q

What environmental pathogens are grouped with the environmental strep species?

A

Enterococcus spp. and Aerococcus spp.

53
Q

Can environmental strep be contagious? When does infection typically start?

A

Can be contagious in chronic infections but not a major source of spread, up to 50% start in dry period and persist

54
Q

What clinical signs are associated with environmental Strep mastitis?

A

Grade 1 or 2 clinical mastitis in early lactation or chronic subclinical mastitis

55
Q

How is environmental Strep mastitis diagnosed?

A

culture of high SCC cows and fresh cows, shows no hemolysis on G+ media

56
Q

How is environmental Strep mastitis treated?

A

IMMs have high success rate, some cases may have high MIC but this doesn’t predict IMM failure

57
Q

How is environmental Strep mastitis controlled?

A

Environmental management, effective dry cow therapy, good milking hygiene

58
Q

When should you suspect Serratia spp. causing mastitis?

A

If a cow is culture negative but not responding to classic E. coli/Klebsiella treatment

Ruminants (10 decks)

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