Renal conditions (test 2) Flashcards
How does urinary tract obstruction lead to kidney injury?
Sustained obstruction decreases nephron function, potentially causing acute kidney injury and, if prolonged, chronic kidney disease.
What is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
AKI is a sudden drop in kidney function. Causing decreased ability to regulate fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance, with decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), elevated Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) creatinine, and oliguria.
What are the effects on the body of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?
Prerenal (low blood flow to kidneys: dehydration, bleeding, heart problems).
Intrarenal (damage inside kidneys: infections, toxins, diseases).
Postrenal (urine blockage: stones, tumors).
What is urinary tract obstruction?
Obstruction of urinary flow anywhere from renal calyces to urethra. Urine then backs up, causing swelling (hydroureter/hydronephrosis).
What causes a urinary tract obstruction?
-kidney stones
-tumours pressing on the tract
-narrowing of the tract (Strictures/Stenosis)
-urine flowing backwards (Vesicoureteral Reflux)
-or enlarged prostate (Prostatic Hypertrophy).
Adverse effects of a urinary tract obstruction?
Damages the kidneys over time: lowers Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), reduces urine concentration, and can cause acidosis.
what is Strictures/Stenosis?
Narrowing of the urinary tract
what is Vesicoureteral Reflux?
Urine flowing backwards
what is Prostatic Hypertrophy?
enlarged prostate
What is a urinary tract infection (UTI)?
Inflammation of urinary tract epithelium by microorganisms
What causes urinary tract infections (UTI)?
UTIs happen when bacteria mainly gut bacteria like E. coli, S. saprophyticus, Klebsiella, and Proteus infect the urinary tract.
What are the signs and symptoms of cystitis (bladder infection/UTI)?
Urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, lower abdominal/back pain.
severe cases may show hematuria, cloudy urine, flank pain, or fever
what is hematuria?
Blood in urine
what is dysuria?
Painful or burning sensation when urinating
What is pyelonephritis?
Infection of the renal pelvis, calyces, and medulla
What is the calyces?
Calyces are cup-like chambers in the kidneys that collect urine before it drains into the renal pelvis
What is the medulla?
The medulla, is located in the kidney’s center, urine is initially formed and concentrated here before it flows to the calyces.
what is the renal pelvis?
The renal pelvis, is in the middle of the kidney and collects urine before it flows down the ureter which connects the kidney to the bladder.
What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?
fever, chills, flank/back/groin pain, feeling unwell, and increase in need for urination and frequency.
Chronic cases cause scarring and may lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD).
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
a long-term condition where the kidneys are damaged and don’t function properly
what is Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)?
a blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood
what is oliguria?
decreased urine output
what is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
a test that measures how well your kidneys are filtering blood
