Renal cancer Flashcards
What are the associations for renal cancer?
more common in middle-aged men
smoking
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
tuberous sclerosis
What are the features of renal cell cancer?
classical triad: haematuria, loin pain, abdominal mass
pyrexia of unknown origin
left varicocele (due to occlusion of left testicular vein)
endocrine effects: may secrete erythropoietin (polycythaemia), parathyroid hormone (hypercalcaemia), renin, ACTH
25% have metastases at presentation
paraneoplastic hepatic dysfunction syndrome. Also known as Stauffer syndrome. Typically presents as cholestasis/hepatosplenomegaly. It is thought to be secondary to increased levels of IL-6
What is a nephroblastoma?
Rare childhood tumour
It accounts for 80% of all genitourinary malignancies in those under the age of 15 years
Up to 90% will have a mass
50% will be hypertensive
Diagnostic work up includes ultrasound and CT scanning
What is transitional cell carcinoma?
Accounts for 90% of lower urinary tract tumours, but only 10% of renal tumours
Males affected 3x more than females
Occupational exposure to industrial dyes and rubber chemicals may increase risk
Up to 80% present with painless haematuria
Diagnosis and staging is with CT IVU
What is renal cell carcinoma?
Most present with haematuria (50%)
Common renal tumour (85% cases)
Paraneoplastic features include hypertension and polycythaemia
Most commonly has haematogenous mestastasis
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer?
Second most common urological cancer Males between 50-80 Smokers Exposure to hydrocarbons Schistosomiasis
What are the types of bladder cancer?
Benign- uncommon
Malignancies:
Transitional cell carcinoma (>90% of cases)
Squamous cell carcinoma ( 1-7% -except in regions affected by schistosomiasis)
Adenocarcinoma (2%)
What is the presentation of bladder cancer?
Painless, macroscopic haematuria
Flexible cystoscopy to investigate
