RENAL CALCULI Flashcards
What are the main types of renal calculi?
Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones.
What is the most common type of kidney stone?
Calcium oxalate stones.
What dietary factor increases the risk of calcium oxalate stones?
High oxalate intake (e.g., spinach, rhubarb) and low calcium intake.
What type of renal calculi is associated with infections?
Struvite stones, also known as infection stones.
What is the composition of struvite stones?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Which type of renal stone is associated with acidic urine?
Uric acid stones.
What metabolic condition increases the risk of uric acid stones?
Hyperuricemia or gout.
Which type of stone forms due to a genetic disorder?
Cystine stones, linked to cystinuria.
What pH environment favors the formation of calcium phosphate stones?
Alkaline urine.
What imaging modality is most effective for detecting renal calculi?
Non-contrast CT scan.
What is the first-line imaging modality for renal stones?
Non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis.
What laboratory test is used to evaluate metabolic causes of kidney stones?
24-hour urine collection for calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, and volume.
Which blood tests are important in investigating renal stones?
Serum calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and renal function tests.
What is the role of ultrasound in renal stone diagnosis?
Detecting hydronephrosis and stones in the kidneys or ureters, especially in pregnant patients.
What is the dietary recommendation for calcium oxalate stones?
Adequate dietary calcium, low sodium, and avoidance of high-oxalate foods.
Which medications are used to prevent calcium stones?
Thiazide diuretics and potassium citrate.
What treatment is used for uric acid stones?
Urine alkalinization with potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate and allopurinol in hyperuricemia.
What is the first-line treatment for small renal stones?
Increased hydration, dietary modification, and pain management.
What is ESWL
and when is it used?
What surgical procedures are available for large or obstructive stones?
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureteroscopy.
How are struvite stones treated?
Complete surgical removal and antibiotics to treat underlying infection.
What is the role of alpha-blockers in kidney stone management?
Facilitating the passage of ureteral stones by relaxing smooth muscle.
What is the daily fluid intake recommendation for stone prevention?
At least 2.5-3 liters of fluid per day to maintain dilute urine.
What is the treatment approach for cystine stones?
Hydration, dietary sodium restriction, and medications like tiopronin or captopril.
What is the role of dietary protein restriction in kidney stone prevention?
Reducing animal protein intake helps lower uric acid and calcium excretion.
