RENAL CALCULI

Question 1

What are the main types of renal calculi?

Answer 1

Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones.

Question 2

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 2

Calcium oxalate stones.

Question 3

What dietary factor increases the risk of calcium oxalate stones?

Answer 3

High oxalate intake (e.g., spinach, rhubarb) and low calcium intake.

Question 4

What type of renal calculi is associated with infections?

Answer 4

Struvite stones, also known as infection stones.

Question 5

What is the composition of struvite stones?

Answer 5

Magnesium ammonium phosphate.

Question 6

Which type of renal stone is associated with acidic urine?

Answer 6

Uric acid stones.

Question 7

What metabolic condition increases the risk of uric acid stones?

Answer 7

Hyperuricemia or gout.

Question 8

Which type of stone forms due to a genetic disorder?

Answer 8

Cystine stones, linked to cystinuria.

Question 9

What pH environment favors the formation of calcium phosphate stones?

Answer 9

Alkaline urine.

Question 10

What imaging modality is most effective for detecting renal calculi?

Answer 10

Non-contrast CT scan.

Question 11

What is the first-line imaging modality for renal stones?

Answer 11

Non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis.

Question 12

What laboratory test is used to evaluate metabolic causes of kidney stones?

Answer 12

24-hour urine collection for calcium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, and volume.

Question 13

Which blood tests are important in investigating renal stones?

Answer 13

Serum calcium, phosphate, uric acid, and renal function tests.

Question 14

What is the role of ultrasound in renal stone diagnosis?

Answer 14

Detecting hydronephrosis and stones in the kidneys or ureters, especially in pregnant patients.

Question 15

What is the dietary recommendation for calcium oxalate stones?

Answer 15

Adequate dietary calcium, low sodium, and avoidance of high-oxalate foods.

Question 16

Which medications are used to prevent calcium stones?

Answer 16

Thiazide diuretics and potassium citrate.

Question 17

What treatment is used for uric acid stones?

Answer 17

Urine alkalinization with potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate and allopurinol in hyperuricemia.

Question 18

What is the first-line treatment for small renal stones?

Answer 18

Increased hydration, dietary modification, and pain management.

Question 19

What is ESWL

Answer 19

and when is it used?

Question 20

What surgical procedures are available for large or obstructive stones?

Answer 20

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and ureteroscopy.

Question 21

How are struvite stones treated?

Answer 21

Complete surgical removal and antibiotics to treat underlying infection.

Question 22

What is the role of alpha-blockers in kidney stone management?

Answer 22

Facilitating the passage of ureteral stones by relaxing smooth muscle.

Question 23

What is the daily fluid intake recommendation for stone prevention?

Answer 23

At least 2.5-3 liters of fluid per day to maintain dilute urine.

Question 24

What is the treatment approach for cystine stones?

Answer 24

Hydration, dietary sodium restriction, and medications like tiopronin or captopril.

Question 25

What is the role of dietary protein restriction in kidney stone prevention?

Answer 25

Reducing animal protein intake helps lower uric acid and calcium excretion.