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Chiro Essentials Pathology > Renal, Bladder, Prostate, Respiratory, STI, Skin Pathologies > Flashcards

Renal, Bladder, Prostate, Respiratory, STI, Skin Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Cause? How? S/S?

A

Post-strep (Lancefield Group A) infxn, ag-ab complex damage glomeruli (T3HS) and activate compliment system (inflammation)
Proteinuria, RBC casts in urine, renal ischemia –> HTN activate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (edema, interstitial tissue, raised hydrostatic pressure)

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2
Q

Pyelonephritis: cause? S/S?

A

Ascending E. coli infxn from cystitis
Inflamed collecting tubules and renal pelvis, WBC casts present in urine, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, costovertebral angle tender
Chronic: shrunken kidney, HTN

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3
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease:

A

Kidney damaged with nodular sclerosis of glomeruli (Seen w/diabetic nephropathy)

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4
Q

UTI causes, S/S

A

MC E.Coli, also K. pneumoniae, enterococcus fecalis, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginose, erratia marcescens, Staph saprophyticus
Dysuria, urinary frequency, nocturia, WBC, bacteria and nitrites in urine

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5
Q

Interstitial cystitis

A

Bladder inflammation MC in females w/IBD
Leakage of urine beneath bladder epithelium, unknown etiology of damage to mucosa
Superficial cracks and Hunner’s ulcers, dysuria, increased frequency, nocturia, WBC in urine

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6
Q

MC adult renal cancer

S/S?

A

Renal cell carcinoma/Grawitz tumor from renal tubular cells

hematuria, mass in flank, flank pain

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7
Q

MC US bladder cancer type
RF?
Squamous cell bladder cancers associated with?

A

Transitional cell cancer
Smoking, aniline dyes
Schistosomiasis (MC SE Asia)

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8
Q

Congenital polycystic disease of the kidney

A

Autosomal recessive, one kidney only, smaller cysts

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9
Q

T3HS ab against Type IV collagen fibers in basement membranes of kidney and lung

A

Goodpasture’s syndrome

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10
Q

Renal calculi: forms where? MC types?

Staghorn made up of? S/S?

A

In ureter and pelvis of kidney
Calcium oxalate MC (75%), cystine, uric acid (leukemia, gout, cancer tx), struvite
Staghorn: Struvite, loin to groin pain, hematuria

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11
Q

Prostatitis:Cause? S/S?

A

E.coli MC infxn of prostate

Deep perineal and scrotal pain w/soft boggy tender pt

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12
Q

Benign prostatic hyperpasia is? S/S?

A

benign overgrowth of fibroglandular tissue in central and transitional zones
Decreased urinary flow, nocturia, enlarged non-tender prostate

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13
Q

Asthma is? Physiology behind it? S/S?

A

Reversible bronchospasm T1HS
Bronchial mucosa inflammation, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Curschmann spirals, Charcot-Leyden crystals, eosinophils in sputum, paroxysms of SoB, wheezing (worse at night)

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14
Q

Chronic dilation of bronchi is? Caused by? S/S?

A

Bronchiectasis - bronchial obstruction by mucous plugs, CF

Copious foul smelling mucopurulent sputum in morning, chronic cough

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15
Q

Immotile cilia (dysfunctin of dynein) with chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus

A

Kartagener’s syndrome

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16
Q

Atelectasis? Types?

A

Collapse of incomplete expansion of alveoli
Compression: collapse due to external P like pleural effusion and pneumothorax
Resorption: collapse distal to obstructed bronchus by foreign body/tumor
Contraction: collapse due to interstitial fibrosis and loss of elastic recoil (like in pulmonary TB)

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17
Q

Emphysema is a type of? S/S? Types?

A

COPD
Pink puffer, thin, destroyed alveolar wall, loss of elastic recoil, good oxygenation
Centriacinar: cigarette smoking, respiratory bronchioles in upper lopes, barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing
Panacinar: a1-antitrypsin deficiency, all pulmonary acini (worse in lower lobes) destroys elastic tissue in alveolar wall (younger ppl)

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18
Q

Chronic bronchitis is? S/S?

A

A type of COPD
Blue bloater, overweight, chronic cough >3 months, >2yrs, bronchial gland hyperplasia due to infxn, cyanosis, Rt-sided heart failure, bilateral ankle edema

19
Q 
Pneumonia
Lobar:
Broncho:
Interstitial
PJP
A

Pneumonia: inflammation of lung tissue
Lobar: inflammation lob w/red then grey hepatization, Strep Pneumoniae MC
Broncho: patchy inflam of lung; bilateral/basal, Staph aureus and K. pneumoniae MC
Interstitial: both lungs, Mycoplasma P, Chlamydia P
PJP: opportunistic in AIDS, bilateral GROUND GLASS x-ray

20
Q

Lung abscess is what type of necrosis? Caused by what microbes?

A

Liquefactive

Staph aureus and K. pneumonia (alcoholics, epiliptics - aspiration)

21
Q 
Pneumoconiosis...
Coal dust inhalation causes?
Asbestosis increases risk of?
Silica dust in quarry workers?
Siderosis is?
Caplan's lung?
A 
Anthracosis
Mesothelioma
Silicosis (quartz, sand)
iron dust
w/progressive pulmonary fibrosis (RA)
22
Q 
Allergic reactions by organic dust (HS pneumonitis)
Cotton dust causes?
Bagassosis is in what population?
Moldy hay?
Silo-filler's lung inhale?
A

Byssinosis
Sugar cane workers
Farmer’s lung
Nitrogen dioxide in corn silos

23
Q

Sarcoidosis is what HS rxn? S/S? Labs?

A

T4HS
Non-caseous granulomas w/epitheliod macrophages, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary fibrosis –> dyspnea, dry cough, splenomegaly, uveitis, Bells palsy, erythema nodosum
Elevated serum Ca2+, ACE

24
Q

TB is/ Cause?
Ghon focus vs complex?
Langhan’s giant cells?
Apical lung cavitations?

A

chronic granulomatous infxn of lungs by Mycobacterium TB
Focus: caseous granuloma in periphery of lung - epithelioid cells and Langhan’s giant cells (fused epithelioid cells w/horse-shoe pattern nuclei)
Complex: peripheral focus w/regional lymph node involvement in 1o TB
Seen in 2o/reactive TB

25
Q

What can you tell me about bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

MC lung cancer - smoking, mining, industrial city
MC squamous cell type (adenocarcinoma) MC in males
Chronic cough, hemoptysis, weight loss may present w/
SVC syndrome, pancoast tumor, horner’s, paraneoplastic ectopic hormone secretion, hoarseness, pleural or pericardial effusion

26
Q

Small cell lung carcinoma/oat cell carcinoma has what ectopic hormone production?
Can cause what syndroe?

A

Parathormone, ACTH, ADH

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion

27
Q

Pus-filled plerual cavity?

A

Empyema

28
Q

Exudative pleural effusion is seen with? Transudative?

A

Exudates: pneumonia, TB, lung cancer, PE
Trans: CHF, nephrotic syndrome, renal and liver failure

29
Q

Oh no it’s syphilis!? Caused by

What are the stages you can expect to go through if it is untreated early?

A

Treponema pallidum
1o: painless genital ulcer (chancre), disappears
2o: maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, condylomata lata
Latency
3o: Thoracic aortic aneurysm, argyll-robertson pupil, gummas, charcot’s joint, general paralysis of the insance, tabes dorsalis (sensory ataxia, Romberg sign)

30
Q

Chancroids are caused by? S/S?

A 
Hemophilus ducreyi (bacteria)
painful soft yellow ulcers, painful swollen inguinal nodes
31
Q

Granuloma inguinale caused by? S/S?

A

Klebsiella granulomatis

Painless beefy red genital ulcers

32
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by? s/S?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis Type L1-3

Transient genital ulcer, buboe, sign of groove in inguinal ergion, rectal stricture

33
Q

Urethritis
Chlamdyia
N. Gonorrhea

A

inflammation of urethra
C: MC in USA, mucoid penile discharge, dysuria, asociated w/Reiter’s syndrome
G: 2nd MC in USA, purulent penile discharge, dysuria and Bartholin gland infxn, ophthalmia neonatorum, septic arthritis

34
Q

Vulvovaginitis cause? S/S?

A

Candida albicans, opportunistic fungus in females, recent broad-spectrum antibiotics, DM
Thick cheesy vaginal discharge w/itching

35
Q

Condylomata Accuminata cause and S/S?

A

HPV 16/18 infxn (MC STD USA)

Cauliflower warts

36
Q

Fishy-smelling watery vaginal discharge with clue cells?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

37
Q

Malodorous green frothy discharge w/motile flagellates?

A

Trichomoniasis

38
Q

PID causes, infection of what? S/S??

A

Chlamydia, N. Gonorrhea, E. Coli
Cervix, uterus, uterine tube, pelvic CT
Lower ab pain, dysmenorrheal, dysparenuia, pain on cervical movement

39
Q 
What causes/or is caused by?
Cold sores?
Varicella-Zoster?
Paramyxo?
Hand, foot, mouth
HHV Type 8?
A 
Herpes simplex
Chickenpox/shingles
Measles (rubeola)
Coxsackie virus
Kaposi's sarcoma
40
Q 
What causes/or is caused by?
Impetigo?
Propionibacterium acnes?
Lupus vulgaris?
Scabies?
Toxocara cani?
A 
Strap/staph
Acne vulgaris
TB
Sarcoptes scabiei
Cutaneous larva migrans
41
Q

What causes/or is caused by?
Malassezia furfur?
Sporotrichosis?

A

Pityriasis versicolour

Sporothrix schenckii

42
Q

Skin cancers. Differentiate
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

A

BCC: MC type, stratum basalis, small shiny bump at first to central depression and beaded pearly edge
SCC: 2nd MC from keratin making cells in stratum spinosum, met to nearby lymph nodes, raised red scaly lesion which can ulcerate
MM: asymmetric, border irregular, colour change, >6mm diameter, expanding/evolving lesion

43
Q 
Describe the rash of:
Rubella
Measles
Chickenpox
Roseola
A

R: head down, postaruricular lymphadenopathy
M: head, trunk, limbs, Koplik’s spots inside cheek
C: vesiculopustular rash trunk to face/limbs
R: red rash on body after several days of fever

Chiro Essentials Pathology (4 decks)

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