Renal, Bladder, Prostate, Respiratory, STI, Skin Pathologies Flashcards
Glomerulonephritis: Cause? How? S/S?
Post-strep (Lancefield Group A) infxn, ag-ab complex damage glomeruli (T3HS) and activate compliment system (inflammation)
Proteinuria, RBC casts in urine, renal ischemia –> HTN activate renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (edema, interstitial tissue, raised hydrostatic pressure)
Pyelonephritis: cause? S/S?
Ascending E. coli infxn from cystitis
Inflamed collecting tubules and renal pelvis, WBC casts present in urine, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, costovertebral angle tender
Chronic: shrunken kidney, HTN
Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease:
Kidney damaged with nodular sclerosis of glomeruli (Seen w/diabetic nephropathy)
UTI causes, S/S
MC E.Coli, also K. pneumoniae, enterococcus fecalis, proteus mirabilis, pseudomonas aeruginose, erratia marcescens, Staph saprophyticus
Dysuria, urinary frequency, nocturia, WBC, bacteria and nitrites in urine
Interstitial cystitis
Bladder inflammation MC in females w/IBD
Leakage of urine beneath bladder epithelium, unknown etiology of damage to mucosa
Superficial cracks and Hunner’s ulcers, dysuria, increased frequency, nocturia, WBC in urine
MC adult renal cancer
S/S?
Renal cell carcinoma/Grawitz tumor from renal tubular cells
hematuria, mass in flank, flank pain
MC US bladder cancer type
RF?
Squamous cell bladder cancers associated with?
Transitional cell cancer
Smoking, aniline dyes
Schistosomiasis (MC SE Asia)
Congenital polycystic disease of the kidney
Autosomal recessive, one kidney only, smaller cysts
T3HS ab against Type IV collagen fibers in basement membranes of kidney and lung
Goodpasture’s syndrome
Renal calculi: forms where? MC types?
Staghorn made up of? S/S?
In ureter and pelvis of kidney
Calcium oxalate MC (75%), cystine, uric acid (leukemia, gout, cancer tx), struvite
Staghorn: Struvite, loin to groin pain, hematuria
Prostatitis:Cause? S/S?
E.coli MC infxn of prostate
Deep perineal and scrotal pain w/soft boggy tender pt
Benign prostatic hyperpasia is? S/S?
benign overgrowth of fibroglandular tissue in central and transitional zones
Decreased urinary flow, nocturia, enlarged non-tender prostate
Asthma is? Physiology behind it? S/S?
Reversible bronchospasm T1HS
Bronchial mucosa inflammation, constriction of bronchial smooth muscle
Curschmann spirals, Charcot-Leyden crystals, eosinophils in sputum, paroxysms of SoB, wheezing (worse at night)
Chronic dilation of bronchi is? Caused by? S/S?
Bronchiectasis - bronchial obstruction by mucous plugs, CF
Copious foul smelling mucopurulent sputum in morning, chronic cough
Immotile cilia (dysfunctin of dynein) with chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus
Kartagener’s syndrome
Atelectasis? Types?
Collapse of incomplete expansion of alveoli
Compression: collapse due to external P like pleural effusion and pneumothorax
Resorption: collapse distal to obstructed bronchus by foreign body/tumor
Contraction: collapse due to interstitial fibrosis and loss of elastic recoil (like in pulmonary TB)
Emphysema is a type of? S/S? Types?
COPD
Pink puffer, thin, destroyed alveolar wall, loss of elastic recoil, good oxygenation
Centriacinar: cigarette smoking, respiratory bronchioles in upper lopes, barrel chest, pursed-lip breathing
Panacinar: a1-antitrypsin deficiency, all pulmonary acini (worse in lower lobes) destroys elastic tissue in alveolar wall (younger ppl)
Chronic bronchitis is? S/S?
A type of COPD
Blue bloater, overweight, chronic cough >3 months, >2yrs, bronchial gland hyperplasia due to infxn, cyanosis, Rt-sided heart failure, bilateral ankle edema
Pneumonia Lobar: Broncho: Interstitial PJP
Pneumonia: inflammation of lung tissue
Lobar: inflammation lob w/red then grey hepatization, Strep Pneumoniae MC
Broncho: patchy inflam of lung; bilateral/basal, Staph aureus and K. pneumoniae MC
Interstitial: both lungs, Mycoplasma P, Chlamydia P
PJP: opportunistic in AIDS, bilateral GROUND GLASS x-ray
Lung abscess is what type of necrosis? Caused by what microbes?
Liquefactive
Staph aureus and K. pneumonia (alcoholics, epiliptics - aspiration)
Pneumoconiosis... Coal dust inhalation causes? Asbestosis increases risk of? Silica dust in quarry workers? Siderosis is? Caplan's lung?
Anthracosis Mesothelioma Silicosis (quartz, sand) iron dust w/progressive pulmonary fibrosis (RA)
Allergic reactions by organic dust (HS pneumonitis) Cotton dust causes? Bagassosis is in what population? Moldy hay? Silo-filler's lung inhale?
Byssinosis
Sugar cane workers
Farmer’s lung
Nitrogen dioxide in corn silos
Sarcoidosis is what HS rxn? S/S? Labs?
T4HS
Non-caseous granulomas w/epitheliod macrophages, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary fibrosis –> dyspnea, dry cough, splenomegaly, uveitis, Bells palsy, erythema nodosum
Elevated serum Ca2+, ACE
TB is/ Cause?
Ghon focus vs complex?
Langhan’s giant cells?
Apical lung cavitations?
chronic granulomatous infxn of lungs by Mycobacterium TB
Focus: caseous granuloma in periphery of lung - epithelioid cells and Langhan’s giant cells (fused epithelioid cells w/horse-shoe pattern nuclei)
Complex: peripheral focus w/regional lymph node involvement in 1o TB
Seen in 2o/reactive TB
What can you tell me about bronchogenic carcinoma?
MC lung cancer - smoking, mining, industrial city
MC squamous cell type (adenocarcinoma) MC in males
Chronic cough, hemoptysis, weight loss may present w/
SVC syndrome, pancoast tumor, horner’s, paraneoplastic ectopic hormone secretion, hoarseness, pleural or pericardial effusion
Small cell lung carcinoma/oat cell carcinoma has what ectopic hormone production?
Can cause what syndroe?
Parathormone, ACTH, ADH
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
Pus-filled plerual cavity?
Empyema
Exudative pleural effusion is seen with? Transudative?
Exudates: pneumonia, TB, lung cancer, PE
Trans: CHF, nephrotic syndrome, renal and liver failure
Oh no it’s syphilis!? Caused by
What are the stages you can expect to go through if it is untreated early?
Treponema pallidum
1o: painless genital ulcer (chancre), disappears
2o: maculopapular rash, lymphadenopathy, condylomata lata
Latency
3o: Thoracic aortic aneurysm, argyll-robertson pupil, gummas, charcot’s joint, general paralysis of the insance, tabes dorsalis (sensory ataxia, Romberg sign)
Chancroids are caused by? S/S?
Hemophilus ducreyi (bacteria) painful soft yellow ulcers, painful swollen inguinal nodes
Granuloma inguinale caused by? S/S?
Klebsiella granulomatis
Painless beefy red genital ulcers
Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by? s/S?
Chlamydia trachomatis Type L1-3
Transient genital ulcer, buboe, sign of groove in inguinal ergion, rectal stricture
Urethritis
Chlamdyia
N. Gonorrhea
inflammation of urethra
C: MC in USA, mucoid penile discharge, dysuria, asociated w/Reiter’s syndrome
G: 2nd MC in USA, purulent penile discharge, dysuria and Bartholin gland infxn, ophthalmia neonatorum, septic arthritis
Vulvovaginitis cause? S/S?
Candida albicans, opportunistic fungus in females, recent broad-spectrum antibiotics, DM
Thick cheesy vaginal discharge w/itching
Condylomata Accuminata cause and S/S?
HPV 16/18 infxn (MC STD USA)
Cauliflower warts
Fishy-smelling watery vaginal discharge with clue cells?
Bacterial vaginosis
Malodorous green frothy discharge w/motile flagellates?
Trichomoniasis
PID causes, infection of what? S/S??
Chlamydia, N. Gonorrhea, E. Coli
Cervix, uterus, uterine tube, pelvic CT
Lower ab pain, dysmenorrheal, dysparenuia, pain on cervical movement
What causes/or is caused by? Cold sores? Varicella-Zoster? Paramyxo? Hand, foot, mouth HHV Type 8?
Herpes simplex Chickenpox/shingles Measles (rubeola) Coxsackie virus Kaposi's sarcoma
What causes/or is caused by? Impetigo? Propionibacterium acnes? Lupus vulgaris? Scabies? Toxocara cani?
Strap/staph Acne vulgaris TB Sarcoptes scabiei Cutaneous larva migrans
What causes/or is caused by?
Malassezia furfur?
Sporotrichosis?
Pityriasis versicolour
Sporothrix schenckii
Skin cancers. Differentiate
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma
BCC: MC type, stratum basalis, small shiny bump at first to central depression and beaded pearly edge
SCC: 2nd MC from keratin making cells in stratum spinosum, met to nearby lymph nodes, raised red scaly lesion which can ulcerate
MM: asymmetric, border irregular, colour change, >6mm diameter, expanding/evolving lesion
Describe the rash of: Rubella Measles Chickenpox Roseola
R: head down, postaruricular lymphadenopathy
M: head, trunk, limbs, Koplik’s spots inside cheek
C: vesiculopustular rash trunk to face/limbs
R: red rash on body after several days of fever
