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Chiro Essentials Pathology > Endocrine, Nutrition and GI Pathologies > Flashcards

Endocrine, Nutrition and GI Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Gigantism vs Acromegaly

A

Gigantism: excess GH <18 yrs, pituitary adenoma, overgrowth of tissues in body (large hands, protruding jaw), headache, visual disturbance
Acromegaly: excess GH >growth plates closed, protruding jaw, large spatulae hands, large feet, headache, visual disturbance

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2
Q

Cushing’s Disease vs Syndrome

A

Disease: excess ACTH, from functioning pituitary adenoma, excess cortisol –> moon-face, buffalo hump, truncal obesity, HTN, purple striae, hyperpigmented sin creases, muscle wasting in extremities (recurrent infxn)
Syndrome: exogenous stroids or tumor, truncal obesity, moon face, buffalo hump, HTN, HYPERGLYCEMIA, poor wound healing, purple striae, NO HYPERPIGMENTATION

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3
Q

GH deficiency in children? Symptoms?

A 
Pituitary dwarfism
growth retardation (non-functioning pituitary tumor)
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4
Q

Ischemic necrosis of anterior pituitary lobe? Cause? S/S?

A

Sheehan’s syndrome
Severe postpartum hemorrhage
Amenorrhea, cessation of lactation, loss of axillary/pubic hair

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5
Q

Hyperprolactinemia cause and S/S

A

Secreting prolactin pituitary adenoma

Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, infertility

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6
Q

ADH deficiency from head injury, pituitary tumors, kidney disease, sarcoidosis and S/S?

A

Diabetes insipidus

polyuria, polydypsia, SpG urine <1.010 (despite hydration)

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7
Q

Hypothyroidism in adults vs infants
1o?
2o?
Reidel’s?

A

Myxeedema and cretinism
1o: Low T3/4 HIGH TSH, fatigue, constipation, brittle hair, slow to relax reflexes, weight gain
like in Hashimoto’s (anti-thyroglobulin Ab and goiter)
2o: low T3/4 and TSH, pituitary hypofunctioning
Reidel’s: lymphocytic fibrotic thyroid disease leading to hypothyroidism

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8
Q

Hyperthyroidism:
1o? Graves? Plummer’s?
2o?

A

1o: elevated T3/4 LOW TSH
Graves: MC, IgG ab bind to TSH receptors, exopthalmos, goiter, fine tremors of hands, nervous, diarrhea, weight los (increased appetite) HLA-B8
Plummer: toxic multinodular goiter, no exopthalmos
2o: inc T3/4 TSH - TSH secreting pituitary tumor

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9
Q

Hyper vs hypoparathyroidism:

A

Hyper: functioning parathyroid adenoma, hypercalcemia, acro-osteolysis, brown bone cysts (decomposed blood and hemosiderin)
Hypo: incidental removal of parathyroid,hypocalcemia, tetany and muscle twitching, Chvostek test + (tap facial N by ear)

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10
Q

Autoimmune or TB related chronic underfunctioning of adrenal cortex - S/S

A

Addison’s disease

low cortisol/aldosterone, hyperpigmented skin creases, bronze skin, low Na, BP but high K and ACTH

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11
Q

Waterhouse-Friedrichsen syndrome - cause and S/S?

A

acute adrenal bleeding, 2o to N. meningitidis septicemia

Shock, hemorrhagic rash

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12
Q

Overfunctioning of zona glomerulosa results in? Due to? S/S?

A

Conn’s disease
Adrenal adenoma, excess mineralocorticoids
low potassium, renin, metabolic alkalosis, high BP

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13
Q

Deficiency in 21-hydroxylase enzyme leads to?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia/Adrenogenital syndrome

Excess androgen production, virilization of female infant

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14
Q

Neuroblastoma and oncogene

A

MC adrenal medulla tumor in kids, M-MYC oncogene

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15
Q

Diabetes Type I vs II all you can list… GO!

A

I: insulin dependent, beta cell destruction, Ab to beta cells of pancreas, weight loss, Diabetic Ketoacoidosis, children, teens, HLA-DR34
II: non-insulin dependent, insulin receptor insensitivtiy, insulin levels elevated, obese adults, fm hx, polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma (dehydration), advanced glycated end products, narrowing of small/med sized vessels, damage vasa vasora and nervosa, premature cataracts and retinopathy related to acc of sorbitol

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16
Q

Mature Onset Diabetes in the Young

A

Non-insulin dependent, no islet cell ab, not obese, <25

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17
Q

Gestational diabetes

A

3-10% all pregnancies, resolves w/end of pregnancy, 50% develop T2DM w/in 15 yrs

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18
Q

Carcinoid syndrome what cells? S/S?

A

Neuroendocrine in gut
recurrent diarrhea, cutaneous flushing, bronchial wheezing
(1/3 mets, 1/3 multiple)

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19
Q

Insulinoma. Relieved by?

A

Pancreatic beta-islet cell tumor

Hypoglycemia relieved by food

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20
Q

Gastrinoma cause, S/S?

A

excess gastrin from GI tumor
Recurrent peptic ulcer disease (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome)
Part of MEN type I

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21
Q

MEN Type 1

2a? 2b?

A

1: Wermer’s syndrome, pituitary adenoma, parathyroid adenoma, pancreas adenoma
2a: Sipple’s syndrome: medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid hyperplasia
2b: Marfanoid ft, medullary thyroid CA, mucosal neuromas, pheochromocytoma

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22
Q

Failure of lower esophageal sphincter to relax; loss of ganglion cells (myenteric plexus)

A

Achalasia - mainly dysphagia for liquids

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23
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

stomach into chest through diaphragm

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24
Q

Dilated V in lower esophagus (portal HTN)

A

Esophageal varices

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25
Q

GERD

A

chronic inflammation of lower esophagus due to acid regurgitation

26
Q

Premalignant metaplastic change of lower esophagus due to GERD

A

Barrett’s esophagus

27
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

A

linear tear in lower esophagus due to protracted vomiting and retching

28
Q

Peptic ulcer disease

Gastric vs Duodenal ulcer

A

H. Pylori (lesser curvature, duodenum)
Inc pain w/meals for gastric
Dec pain w/meals for duodenal

29
Q

Projectile vomiting in young male infants (<6 wks)

A

Congenital pyloric stenosis (hypertrophic pyloric sphincter)

30
Q

Atrophic Gastritis

A

H. Pylori infxn; predisposition to pernicious anemia and stomach cancer

31
Q

H. pylori infection with high nitrosamines in diet (smoked meats) causes? S/S?

A

Gastric carcinoma - MC lesser curvature

unexplained weight loss, Troisier’s sign (met lymph node in L supraclavicular fossa AKA Virchow’s node)

32
Q

Non-caseous granulomas, cobblestone terminal ileum, skip lesions, fistula

A

Crohn’s disease (regional ileitis)

33
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Remnant of vitelline duct; 2” long 2’ proximal to iliocecal valve, 2% people 2x MC in males, gastric or pancreatic tisue

34
Q

Whipple’s disease/Tropical sprue:

A

Trophermya whipplei (Gram+ rod) infxn cause statorrhea and arthritis

35
Q

Periumbilical pain to RLQ pain w/tenderness @McBurney’s point

A

Appendicitis (inflammation following blockage of lumen by fecalith)

36
Q

Diverticulosis vs Diverticulitis

A

Osis: condition of numerous outpouching of large bowel-older ppl
Itis: inflammation for diverticulum in bowel; MC in older males, LLQ pain and blood in stool (elderly)

37
Q

Telescoping of proximal part of bowel into distal segment

S/S

A

Intussusception

Ab pain and intestinal obstruction in child

38
Q

Congenital aganglionosis of descending colon is?

S/S

A

Hirschsprung’s disease

chronic constipation, distended abdomen in child

39
Q

Ulcerative colitis

A

Chronic ulcerative inflammation confined to rectum, bloody diarrhea, toxic megacolon, increased risk colon cancer

40
Q

Twisting of bowel on itself; MC sigmoid

S/S

A

Volvulus

intestinal obstruction, ab pain

41
Q

Oral pigmentation + multiple intestinal polyps

A

Peutz-Jegher syndrome

42
Q

IBS

A 
spastic colon (unknown cause); associated with interstitial cystitis
Ab pain relieved by defecation w/diarrhea and/or constipation
43
Q 
Hepatitis
A
B
C
E
A

inflammation of liver caused by viral infections, alcohol, drugs
A: fecal/oral transmission; water borne infxn
B: IV drugs, STI; chronic carrier state
C: MC cuase of post-transfusion hep
E: fecal/oral transmission; water born infxn

44
Q

Chronic passive venous congestion of liver is? Seen with what pathology?

A

Nutmeg liver

CHF

45
Q

Rare cause of childhood hepatoencephalopathy caused by use of aspirin in kids w/some febrile illnesses-chickenpox and influenza

A

Reye’s syndrome

46
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma/malignant hepatoma

A

liver cancer associated w/Hep B/C and raised a-fetoprotein, aflatoxins
Painful hepatomegaly, anorexia, fatigue, weight loss

47
Q

Cholecystitis? In who/ Cause?

A

inflammation of GB
Fair, fat, fertile, flatulent females >40 w/RUQ pain
95% caused by gallstone (cholelithiasis) cholesterol, pigment or mixed stones (70-80% asymptomatic)

48
Q

Pancreatitis? Causes? S/S?

A

inflammation of pancreas
Alcohol, gallstones, trauma, steroids, mumps, hypercalcemia
Swollen pancreas, leaky pancreatic enzymes into ab cav, severe ab pain, Cullen’s sign (blue around umbilicus) or Grey Turner sign (around flank), epigastric pain radiates to back, nausea, vomiting

49
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

malignancy from pancreatic ducts (adenocarcinoma)

Painless jaundice, clay-coloured stool, weight loss, severe itching

50
Q

Calorie vs protein deficiency

A

Marasmus - wasting, calories

Kwashiorkor - red hair, flaky-paint dermatitis, ascities, protein

51
Q

B1 (thiamine deficiency)
Beriberi: (Wet, Dry)
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

A

Beriberi: in alcoholics, dietary B1 deficiency, anorexia, bulimia, hyperemesis gravidarum
Dry: peripheral neuropathy, Wet: heart failure, swollen ankles and tachycardia
WKS: confusion, confabulation, coma in chronic alcoholics

52
Q

B2 (niacin) deficiency

A

Pellagra: diarrhea, dermatitis (Casal’s necklace), Dementia, Death

53
Q

B9 (folic acid) deficiency

A

Neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia (fatigue, beefy red tongue)

54
Q

B12 (cobalamin) deficiency

A

Pernicious anemia (lack of IF from parietal cells) (macrocytic, normochromic)
Diet or poor absorption (disease in terminal ileum)
Spinal cord degeneration, fatigue, ataxia, upper motor neuron signs, urinary/fecal incontinence

55
Q

Vit C Deficiency

A

Inability to hydroxylate proline/lysine in collagen - weakens capillaries –> scurvy (tissue hemorrhage, bleeding swollen gums, loose teeth, poor wound healing, impaired bone formation in kids

56
Q

Vit A Deficiency

A

Nyctalopia (night blind), xerophthalmia, keratomalacia (soft cornea)

57
Q

Vit D deficiency (kids vs adults)

A

Rickets: soft bones, bowed legs, rachitis rosary (swollen costochondral junctions), pectus carinatum (pigeon chest)
Osteomalacia: looer’s zones (pseudofx)

58
Q

Vit E deficiency:

A

Hemolytic anemia (low RBC cound and Hb, fatigue)

59
Q

Vit K deficiency

A

Hemorrhagic disease of newborns (abnormal bleed from umbilicus)
Prevented w/Vit K shot

60
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

can be autosomal recessive or acquired (diet)

Arthritis, bronze skin, cirrhosis, DM, Erection problems (testicular failure)

61
Q

Wilson’s disease/Hepatolenticular disease

A

Excessive copper absorption (Chromosome 13 gene mutation)
Lack ceruloplasmin - excess deposition in brain, liver, eyes –> asterixis (flapping tremor of extended wrist), basal ganglia degeneration, cirrhosis, corneal deposits (Kayser-Fleisher rings), dementia

Chiro Essentials Pathology (4 decks)

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