Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

3Y - OB > Renal And UT > Flashcards

Renal And UT Flashcards

1
Q

What structural changes occur in the kidneys during pregnancy?

A

The kidneys become larger, and renal calyces and ureters dilate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a major physiological consequence of intrarenal vasodilation in pregnancy?

A

Higher effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

By how much does the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increase by 12 weeks’ gestation?

A

20 percent above nonpregnant values.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What serum markers decline substantively during pregnancy?

A

Serum creatinine and urea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is considered an abnormal level of proteinuria in pregnancy?

A

Proteinuria exceeding 300 mg/dL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What organism most commonly causes non-obstructive pyelonephritis during pregnancy?

A

Escherichia coli strains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in pregnancy?

A

Persistent, actively multiplying bacteria within the urinary tract in asymptomatic women.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What bacterial count in urine culture defines ASB?

A

≥105 colony-forming units/mL.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of untreated women with ASB develop symptomatic infection?

A

Approximately 25 percent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What screening tests are cost-effective for detecting bacteriuria in pregnancy?

A

Leukocyte esterase and nitrite dipstick tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of cystitis?

A

Dysuria, urgency, and frequency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common serious non-obstetrical medical complication of pregnancy?

A

Acute pyelonephritis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What risk factors increase the likelihood of renal infection in pregnancy?

A

Nulliparity and young age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What combination of antimicrobials was 95-percent effective in treating pyelonephritis?

A

Ampicillin plus gentamicin or cefazolin/ceftriaxone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the recurrence rate of pyelonephritis after initial treatment in pregnancy?

A

30 to 40 percent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of kidney stones is most common during pregnancy?

A

Calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite stones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What dietary recommendation helps prevent kidney stone recurrence?

A

Hydration and a diet low in sodium and protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What imaging modality is second-line for nephrolithiasis in pregnancy after a non-diagnostic sonogram?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What percentage of symptomatic pregnant women improve with conservative therapy for nephrolithiasis?

A

Approximately 75 percent.

20
Q

What are indications for stone removal in pregnancy?

A

Obstruction, infection, intractable pain, or heavy bleeding.

21
Q

How does PKD affect pregnancy outcomes?

A

Higher rates of hypertension, preeclampsia, and urinary infections.

22
Q

Does pregnancy accelerate the natural disease course of PKD?

A

No.

23
Q

What condition is more common in women with polycystic kidneys?

A

Hypertension, including preeclampsia.

24
Q

What factors determine the prognosis of pregnancy in women with PKD?

A

Degree of associated hypertension and renal insufficiency.

25
Q

What is the defining GFR range for stage 5 CKD?

A

GFR <15 mL/min/1.73 m2.

26
Q

What are common complications of CKD during pregnancy?

A

Hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, and fetal growth restriction.

27
Q

What medication is recommended from 12 to 28 weeks to reduce preeclampsia risk in CKD patients?

A

Low-dose aspirin.

28
Q

How does the severity of renal impairment affect pregnancy outcomes in CKD?

A

Directly correlates with adverse outcomes.

29
Q

What dietary advice is NOT recommended for CKD patients during pregnancy?

A

Protein-restricted diets.

30
Q

What is a hallmark sign of acute kidney injury in pregnancy?

A

Oliguria.

31
Q

What conditions are common causes of AKI in pregnancy?

A

Pre-eclampsia, obstetrical hemorrhage, and sepsis.

32
Q

What fluid replacement is advised for managing AKI in placental abruption?

A

Crystalloid solutions and blood.

33
Q

What is the threshold for considering dialysis in pregnant women with AKI?

A

Creatinine clearance of 20 mL/min or less.

34
Q

What measures prevent AKI due to massive hemorrhage in pregnancy?

A

Prompt volume replacement and delivery/termination of complicated pregnancies.

35
Q

What is the hallmark feature of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Heavy proteinuria.

36
Q

What clinical features characterize acute nephritic syndrome?

A

Hypertension, hematuria, red-cell casts, and proteinuria.

37
Q

What systemic form of IgA nephropathy is associated with nephritic syndrome?

A

Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

38
Q

What is Goodpasture syndrome?

A

Pulmonary-renal syndrome caused by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies.

39
Q

What biopsy findings are common in pregnancy-associated glomerular diseases?

A

Membranous glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, and diffuse mesangial glomerulonephritis.

40
Q

What is the relationship between dialysis hours and pregnancy outcomes?

A

Inverse relationship with adverse outcomes.

41
Q

What supplements are critical during dialysis in pregnancy?

A

Calcium, iron, and multivitamins.

42
Q

What protocol adjustments are made to dialysate in pregnancy?

A

Extra calcium and reduced bicarbonate.

43
Q

What is a common maternal complication of dialysis during pregnancy?

A

Severe hypertension.

44
Q

What causes a urethral diverticulum in pregnancy?

A

Enlarging paraurethral gland abscess that ruptures into the urethral lumen.

45
Q

How are urinary tract fistulas during pregnancy typically managed?

A

Expectantly, unless drainage or surgery is required.

46
Q

What is a vesicouterine fistula?

A

A connection between the bladder and uterus, often following cesarean delivery.

47
Q

What is a common cause of vesicocervical fistula in pregnancy?

A

Compression of the anterior cervical lip against the symphysis pubis.

3Y - OB (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions