Renal and Urinary Disorders Flashcards
Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually from bacterial infection originating in the urethra, vagina, or in more complicated cases, kidneys
Urinary Tract Infections
2 Kinds of UTI
Lower Urinary Tract Infection
Upper Urinary Tract Infection
Involves the urethra and bladder
Lower Urinary Tract Infection
Involves the ureters and kidneys
Upper Urinary Tract Infection
aka “Kidney stones”
result from the gradual buildup of crystallized salts and minerals in the urine
Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)
Kidney stones can cause intense pain if they obstruct a passageway that carries urine
Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)
Usually, the stones pass through and out of the urinary tract on their own
Males: 30-50yrs old are the most commonly affected
Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)
Assessment
KUB, IVP, UTZ, cystoscopy, urinalysis
Pain, hematuria, fever, chills, frequency of urination, dysuria
Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)
Types of Stones
Alkaline
Acidic
Types of Stones
Alkaline
Calcium oxalate
Calcium phosphate
Nursing Intervention
Oxalate stones
Avoid excess tea, chocolate, spinach
Type of Stones
Acidic
Uric Acid
Cysteine
Nursing Intervention
Calcium stones
Limit dairy products
Acid ash diet
Nursing Interventions
Acidic stones
Alkalinize urine
sodium bicarbonate tablets
alkaline ash diet
Nursing Interventions
Uric Acid stones
Avoid purine foods
Allopurinol (to decrease uric acid)
Encourage ambulation
Pain control (NSAID, demerol)
Surgery
ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Litotripsy)
Group of symptoms caused by the excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine due to kidney impairment
More common in children than adults
Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis
Causes
Allergies, infections
Systemic diseases
Circulation problems
Pregnancy
Heroin use
Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis
Assessment
Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia
waxy pallor to the skin, anemia, anorexia, malaise
irritability, amenorrhea or abnormal menses, hypertension
Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis
Inflammation of the glomeruli
Glomerulonephritis
It is generally caused by a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, mostly in the throat or skin
In children, it is mostly associated with an upper respiratory infection, tonsillitis, or scarlet fever
Glomerulonephritis
Causes
Immunological disease
Streptococcal infection Group A beta-hemolytic
History of pharyngitis or tonsillitis 2-3 weeks prior to symptoms
Autoimmune disease (SLE)
Glomerulonephritis
Types of Glomerulonephritis
- Acute Glomerulonephritis
- Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Occurs 2-3 weeks after a streptococcal infection
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Can occur after the acute phase or slowly over time
Chronic Glomerulonephritis
Complications of Glomerulonephritis
Heart failure
HPN encephalopathy
Pulmonary edema
Renal failure
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the parenchyma, commonly caused by bacterial invasion
Pyelonephritis
Types of Pyelonephritis
- Acute Pyelonephritis
- Chronic Pyelonephritis
Usually a short course that recurs as a relapse of a previous infection or as a new infection
Acute Pyelonephritis
Assessment
Fever and chills, nausea, flank pain on the affected side
Costovertebral angle tenderness, headache, muscular pain, dysuria
Frequency and urgency, cloudy, bloody, and foul smelling urine, increased WBC in the urine
Acute Pyelonephritis
A slow progressive disease that is usually associated with recurrent acute attacks
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Causes contraction of the kidneys and dysfunction of the nephrons which are replaced to scar issue
Can lead to renal failure
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Clinical Manifestation
Patient usually has no symptoms of infection unless an acute exacerbation occurs
Fatigue, headache, poor appetite may occur
Polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss
Persistent and recurring infection may produce progressive scarring resulting in renal failure
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Excessive urination
Polyuria
Excessive thirst
Polydipsia
Low urine output
Oliguria
Blood in urine
Hematuria
Elevated protein in the urine
Proteinuria
Painful/difficult urination
Dysuria
Assessment
Poor urine-concentrating ability, pyuria, anemia, azotemia, acidosis, proteinuria
Chronic Pyelonephritis
High levels of WBC or puss in the urine
Pyuria
