Renal and Urinary Disorders

Question 1

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, usually from bacterial infection originating in the urethra, vagina, or in more complicated cases, kidneys

Answer 1

Urinary Tract Infections

Question 2

2 Kinds of UTI

Answer 2

Lower Urinary Tract Infection
Upper Urinary Tract Infection

Question 3

Involves the urethra and bladder

Answer 3

Lower Urinary Tract Infection

Question 3

Involves the ureters and kidneys

Answer 3

Upper Urinary Tract Infection

Question 4

aka “Kidney stones”

result from the gradual buildup of crystallized salts and minerals in the urine

Answer 4

Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)

Question 5

Kidney stones can cause intense pain if they obstruct a passageway that carries urine

Answer 5

Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)

Question 6

Usually, the stones pass through and out of the urinary tract on their own

Males: 30-50yrs old are the most commonly affected

Answer 6

Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)

Question 7

Assessment

KUB, IVP, UTZ, cystoscopy, urinalysis
Pain, hematuria, fever, chills, frequency of urination, dysuria

Answer 7

Urinary Calculi (urolithiasis)

Question 8

Types of Stones

Answer 8

Alkaline
Acidic

Question 9

Types of Stones
Alkaline

Answer 9

Calcium oxalate
Calcium phosphate

Question 10

Nursing Intervention
Oxalate stones

Answer 10

Avoid excess tea, chocolate, spinach

Question 10

Type of Stones
Acidic

Answer 10

Uric Acid
Cysteine

Question 11

Nursing Intervention
Calcium stones

Answer 11

Limit dairy products
Acid ash diet

Question 12

Nursing Interventions
Acidic stones

Answer 12

Alkalinize urine

sodium bicarbonate tablets
alkaline ash diet

Question 13

Nursing Interventions
Uric Acid stones

Answer 13

Avoid purine foods

Allopurinol (to decrease uric acid)

Encourage ambulation

Pain control (NSAID, demerol)

Surgery

ESWL (Extracorporeal Shock Wave Litotripsy)

Question 14

Group of symptoms caused by the excretion of large amounts of protein in the urine due to kidney impairment

More common in children than adults

Answer 14

Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis

Question 15

Causes

Allergies, infections
Systemic diseases
Circulation problems
Pregnancy
Heroin use

Answer 15

Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis

Question 16

Assessment

Proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia

waxy pallor to the skin, anemia, anorexia, malaise

irritability, amenorrhea or abnormal menses, hypertension

Answer 16

Nephrotic Syndrome or Nephrosis

Question 17

Inflammation of the glomeruli

Answer 17

Glomerulonephritis

Question 18

It is generally caused by a bacterial infection elsewhere in the body, mostly in the throat or skin

In children, it is mostly associated with an upper respiratory infection, tonsillitis, or scarlet fever

Answer 18

Glomerulonephritis

Question 19

Causes

Immunological disease

Streptococcal infection Group A beta-hemolytic

History of pharyngitis or tonsillitis 2-3 weeks prior to symptoms

Autoimmune disease (SLE)

Answer 19

Glomerulonephritis

Question 19

Types of Glomerulonephritis

Answer 19

1. Acute Glomerulonephritis
2. Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Question 20

Occurs 2-3 weeks after a streptococcal infection

Answer 20

Acute Glomerulonephritis

Question 21

Can occur after the acute phase or slowly over time

Answer 21

Chronic Glomerulonephritis

Question 22

Complications of Glomerulonephritis

Answer 22

Heart failure HPN encephalopathy Pulmonary edema Renal failure

Question 23

Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the parenchyma, commonly caused by bacterial invasion

Answer 23

Pyelonephritis

Question 24

Types of Pyelonephritis

Answer 24

1. Acute Pyelonephritis 2. Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 25

Usually a short course that recurs as a relapse of a previous infection or as a new infection

Answer 25

Acute Pyelonephritis

Question 26

Assessment Fever and chills, nausea, flank pain on the affected side Costovertebral angle tenderness, headache, muscular pain, dysuria Frequency and urgency, cloudy, bloody, and foul smelling urine, increased WBC in the urine

Answer 26

Acute Pyelonephritis

Question 27

A slow progressive disease that is usually associated with recurrent acute attacks

Answer 27

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 28

Causes contraction of the kidneys and dysfunction of the nephrons which are replaced to scar issue Can lead to renal failure

Answer 28

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 29

Clinical Manifestation Patient usually has no symptoms of infection unless an acute exacerbation occurs Fatigue, headache, poor appetite may occur Polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss Persistent and recurring infection may produce progressive scarring resulting in renal failure

Answer 29

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 30

Excessive urination

Answer 30

Polyuria

Question 31

Excessive thirst

Answer 31

Polydipsia

Question 32

Low urine output

Answer 32

Oliguria

Question 33

Blood in urine

Answer 33

Hematuria

Question 34

Elevated protein in the urine

Answer 34

Proteinuria

Question 35

Painful/difficult urination

Answer 35

Dysuria

Question 36

Assessment Poor urine-concentrating ability, pyuria, anemia, azotemia, acidosis, proteinuria

Answer 36

Chronic Pyelonephritis

Question 37

High levels of WBC or puss in the urine

Answer 37

Pyuria