Renal and Urinary Assessment Flashcards

Question

Check slide 19

Answer 1

- Normal GFR 100-125 mL/min *Also referred to as creatinine clearance (CrCl) - GFR decreases by 10% every 10 years or one mL/min/year after age 40 Abrupt decrease in GRF will show an increase in creatinine (Cr) -Gradual decrease in GFR and renal blood flow (RBF) with aging will show little change in GFR 40% of people with decreased GFR have a serum creatinine WNL

Answer 2

False. Urea is a normal constituent of urine. about 5%. Glucose en cambio is an abnormal constituent of urine

Answer 3

- Patient knowledge : do they know what the test is for , do they know if insurance cover it etc... - Psychosocial and emotional factors; fear; anxiety - Urologic function, include voiding habits/pattern. How often, do they have burning, do they leak all the time etc... - Fluid intake and what? -Hygiene -Presence of pain or discomfort -Allergies

Answer 4

300 to 500 mL - The normal adult bladder capacity is 300 to 500 mL of urine

Answer 5

-Knowledge deficient -Pain -Fear -Refer to Chart 47-4 must read

Answer 6

- Patient goals may include: *Understanding of procedures, tests, and expected behaviors *Decreased pain or absence of discomfort *Decreased apprehension and fear - Patient education: *Provide a description of the tests and procedures in the language the patient can understand

Answer 7

- Encourage fluid intake unless contraindicated (Improves test accuracy: ) - Instruct in methods to reduce discomfort; sitz baths, relaxation techniques - Administer analgesics and antispasmodics as prescribed - Assess voiding and provide instructions related to voiding practices and hygiene - Provide privacy and respect when they go pee to give u a sample - Refer to Chart 53-4

Answer 8

After discarding the 0100 specimen A 24-hour urine collection that starts at 0100 begins after discarding the 0100 specimen which means 4 pm lol

Answer 9

- Important health information **Body terrain (Includes male versus female length of urethra, post gender affirming surgery) ***Anatomical factors ****Obesity, Congenital, Fistulas ***Things that compromise the immune system ****Aging, diabetes, HIV, medications, cancer, poor nutrition, what's thier exercise like. - Foreign bodies like indwelling urinary catheters, anything that has been put in thier urinary system - Functional disorders: problems walking, is the toiled high - Environment, are there toxins, do they have a toilet - Past health history - Medications - Surgery or other treatments - Other **Pregnancy, menopause, sexual activity, poor or misconceptions about personal hygiene, use of spermacides, bubble baths, diaphragm (women) , sprays

Answer 10

Physical examination: - Inspection **Skin, mouth, face, extremities, abdomen **Weight, general state of health - Palpation **Left kidney rarely palpable we don't fuck with the left wing ** So we palpate the right kidney and Bladder for distention - Percussion there should be no pain **Kidney **Bladder -Auscultation **I'm sorry for the confusion earlier. To clarify, auscultation with a stethoscope is not typically used to assess the urinary system, as sounds from the urinary tract are usually not audible with a stethoscope. However, bowel sounds can be assessed with a stethoscope as part of a general abdominal exam to assess the gastrointestinal system. It is important to assess bowel sounds to ensure that the gastrointestinal tract is functioning properly, and to identify any potential obstructions or ileus.

Answer 11

-No costovertebral angle tenderness. Meniang no pain. No news is good news here. -Nonpalpable kidney and bladder -No palpable masses

Answer 12

- Inspection for kidney injury focuses on the flanks and abdomen **Bleeding: bruising, abdominal distention, guarding (when palpating), urinary meatus **Volume depletion or overload: JVD (first supine then @ 45-degree angle/semi-Fowlers) If flat when supine it means dehydrated. If we put them at a 45(normal sitting position) degree postion and they are distended it means that there is fluid overload. -Edema: dependent, eyes, hands, cheeks, feet, over bony prominences, **pitting (scale of 1-4) **check weight, **hypoalbuminemia

Answer 13

- Auscultation for someone with kidney injury focuses on the heart, lungs and blood pressure since we can't auscultate the kidneys **Heart: rate, rhythm and extra heart sounds (S3 & S4 FVE) use bell; pericardial friction rub (3rd intercostal space to the left of sternum, lean forward) **Lungs: Crackles, new dyspnea upon mild exertion, orthopnea, PND **Blood pressure: FVD either fluid or hemorrhage losses ***Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 14

- Percussion priorities focus on the kidneys and abdomen to assess for trauma which often manifestas pain or accumulation of air or fluid. Percussion should not hurt. - Abdomen: Helps with determining fluid status, presence of ascites or distention. - kidney: patient side-lying or sitting with examiner's hand over the costovertebral angle: then striking the hand with the other fist which produces a normal dull thud

Answer 15

-Fluid balance priorities focus on weight, intake and output, vital signs -Fluid status assessment: skin turgor, mucous membranes, I & O, presence of edema or ascites, neck and hand engorgement, lung sounds (crackles due to edema), dyspnea, tachycardia, hypo/hypertension, S3 or S4 heart sounds, HA (headache = increased tension ), blurred vision, vertigo on rising, mental changes, serum osmolality (measures dilution of vascular fluid)

Answer 16

- CBC - Serum electrolytes - BUN - ECG (K, Ca, Mg levels) - Behavioral and mental status changes (Na and BUN levels) - Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs Calcium -Changes in peripheral sensation (numbness tremor) (Na K and Ca levels ) - Muscle strength (K and BUN levels) - GI changes (N/V BUN) - Itching (Ca, Phosphorus, BUN) - Therapies (NG suction diuretics antihypertensives, Ca channel blockers can alter electrolytes) CBC: A complete blood count can help detect anemia, which may be caused by decreased kidney function. Serum electrolytes: Sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels are important electrolytes to monitor. Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): BUN is a waste product that is filtered by the kidneys. Elevated levels may indicate decreased kidney function or dehydration. ECG: Electrocardiogram can help detect abnormalities in potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels, which can affect cardiac function. Behavioral and mental status changes: Sodium and BUN levels can affect mental status and cause confusion, lethargy, and seizures. Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs: These are signs of hypocalcemia and can indicate problems with calcium levels. Changes in peripheral sensation: Numbness and tremors can be caused by imbalances in sodium, potassium, and calcium levels. Muscle strength: Potassium and BUN levels can affect muscle strength and cause weakness. GI changes: Nausea and vomiting can be caused by elevated BUN levels. Itching: High levels of calcium, phosphorus, and BUN can cause itching. Therapies: Certain medications and therapies such as NG suction, diuretics, and antihypertensives can alter electrolyte levels and need to be monitored closely.

Answer 17

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells (RBCs) in bone marrow. EPO is essential for maintaining the normal oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. EPO is primarily used medically to treat anemia, which is a condition where there is a shortage of RBCs in the body. It may also be used to increase RBC production in individuals with certain types of cancer, kidney disease, or HIV infection.

Answer 18

In the context of inflammation, prostaglandins promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability, similar to bradykinin.

Answer 19

Costovertebral angle tenderness is a medical sign that refers to pain or discomfort elicited by pressure over the area where the lower ribs meet the vertebral column on the back, known as the costovertebral angle. It is often associated with kidney or urinary tract problems, such as pyelonephritis or kidney stones, but can also be caused by other conditions affecting the musculoskeletal or nervous systems. Costovertebral angle tenderness is a common finding in patients with urinary tract infections, and its presence can help diagnose and guide treatment of these conditions

Answer 20

The presence of white blood cell casts in the urine indicates an inflammatory process within the kidneys, such as pyelonephritis (a bacterial infection of the kidneys) or interstitial nephritis (an inflammation of the kidney tissue). White blood cell casts can be identified through a urine test called a urinalysis, which involves examining a sample of urine under a microscope. The presence of white blood cell casts, along with other factors such as the presence of bacteria and elevated levels of white blood cells, can help a doctor diagnose a kidney infection or other kidney-related conditions.

Answer 21

Nitrites are NOT typically found in the blood. Nitrites are a form of nitrogen that are naturally produced by certain bacteria, particularly those that are commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract. When these bacteria break down nitrate, they convert it into nitrite. In medical settings, the presence of nitrites in the urine can be a sign of a bacterial infection, particularly a urinary tract infection (UTI). During a UTI, bacteria convert nitrates in the urine to nitrites, which can then be detected in a urine test.

Answer 22

Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme produced by white blood cells (leukocytes) that is commonly used as a marker for inflammation or infection in the body, particularly in the urinary tract. During a urinalysis, a small strip of paper or plastic is dipped into a sample of urine, and the color change on the strip is used to detect the presence of leukocyte esterase. If leukocyte esterase is detected, it can indicate the presence of white blood cells in the urine, which may be a sign of a bacterial infection in the urinary tract.

Answer 23

Cystitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the urinary bladder. It is more common in women than men and can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial infection, irritants, or other underlying medical conditions.

Answer 24

The presence of neutrophils in the renal interstitium indicates an active immune response to the infection. However, if the infection is not properly treated, the ongoing inflammation and presence of immune cells like neutrophils can cause damage to the kidney tissue, leading to scarring and impaired kidney function.

Answer 25

The presence of dead neutrophils in the renal interstitium indicates an active immune response to the infection. As neutrophils die off or are broken down, they release their contents into the surrounding tissue and bloodstream. These breakdown products can make their way into the urine, where they can be detected through a urine test.

Answer 26

A WBC cast, also known as a leukocyte cast, is a type of urinary cast that is made up primarily of white blood cells (WBCs). Urinary casts are cylindrical structures that form in the kidneys and can be excreted in the urine. They are typically composed of various substances, such as proteins or cells, that are present in the urine.

Answer 27

Impaired bladder emptying can cause cystitis because of bacterial growth

Answer 28

A dipstick test is a quick and simple diagnostic test used to detect certain substances in bodily fluids such as urine, blood, or saliva. It involves dipping a plastic strip (the dipstick) into a sample of the fluid and observing the color changes that occur on the stick. In the case of a urine dipstick test, the strip is dipped into a urine sample, and the chemical pads on the strip react to different substances in the urine, producing a color change. The color changes indicate the presence or absence of various substances, such as glucose, protein, ketones, blood, leukocytes, and nitrites. The dipstick test is commonly used in medical settings as a preliminary screening tool for various conditions such as urinary tract infections, diabetes, liver and kidney disorders, and certain types of cancer. The test is quick, inexpensive, and easy to perform, making it a valuable tool for routine check-ups and initial diagnostic evaluations. However, it should be noted that dipstick tests are not always definitive, and further testing may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis.

Answer 29

The term "pyelonephritis" comes from two Greek words: "pyelo" meaning "pelvis" and "nephros" meaning "kidney", combined with the suffix "-itis" meaning "inflammation". Therefore, pyelonephritis literally means "inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney". The condition is typically caused by a bacterial infection that starts in the lower urinary tract and then spreads to the kidneys, leading to inflammation and potentially serious complications if left untreated.

Answer 30

Pregnancy: During pregnancy, the growing uterus can put pressure on the bladder and cause urinary stasis.

Answer 31

Urinary stasis is a condition where urine does not flow properly through the urinary tract, causing it to stagnate or accumulate in the bladder or kidneys. This can lead to an increased risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other complications.

Answer 32

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine flows backward from the bladder into the ureters and sometimes up into the kidneys.

Answer 33

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition that can increase the risk of pyelonephritis, which is a type of kidney infection caused by bacteria. There are several reasons why diabetes can lead to pyelonephritis: Immune system dysfunction: Diabetes can impair the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. This can increase the risk of bacterial infections, including pyelonephritis. Urinary tract abnormalities: High blood sugar levels in diabetes can damage the nerves that control the bladder, leading to incomplete emptying of the bladder and increasing the risk of urinary tract infections. Additionally, high blood sugar levels can increase the glucose concentration in urine, which can promote bacterial growth and increase the risk of infections. Urinary stasis: Diabetes can lead to urinary stasis, which is a condition where the urine does not flow properly through the urinary tract, causing it to stagnate. This can increase the risk of bacterial growth and infections. Decreased blood flow to the kidneys: High blood sugar levels in diabetes can damage the blood vessels that supply the kidneys, leading to decreased blood flow and impairing the kidneys' ability to filter waste products from the body. This can increase the risk of infections and kidney damage. Neuropathy: Diabetes can cause neuropathy, which is damage to the nerves that control the bladder and urinary tract. This can lead to incomplete emptying of the bladder, urinary stasis, and increase the risk of urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis. People with diabetes should be aware of the increased risk of pyelonephritis and other urinary tract infections and take steps to prevent them, such as maintaining good blood sugar control, practicing good hygiene, drinking plenty of water, and seeking prompt medical attention if they experience any symptoms of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and preserve kidney function.

Answer 34

A urinalysis is a test that examines the urine for various substances and can provide important information about a person's overall health. The test involves collecting a sample of urine and analyzing it in a laboratory. Here are the steps for a typical urinalysis: Clean catch: Before collecting the urine sample, the patient is instructed to clean the genital area with a special wipe and to collect a "clean catch" midstream urine sample in a sterile container. Visual inspection: The urine sample is visually inspected for color, clarity, and odor. Dipstick test: A dipstick, which is a plastic strip with several chemical pads, is dipped into the urine sample. The chemical pads on the dipstick change color in the presence of various substances in the urine, such as protein, glucose, ketones, and blood. Microscopic examination: A small amount of the urine sample is placed on a microscope slide and examined under a microscope for the presence of red blood cells, white blood cells, bacteria, and other abnormal cells or structures. Culture and sensitivity: If the urinalysis suggests the presence of a bacterial infection, a culture and sensitivity test may be performed to identify the type of bacteria causing the infection and determine the most effective antibiotic treatment. The results of a urinalysis can provide important information about kidney function, urinary tract infections, diabetes, liver disease, and other conditions. It is important to discuss the results of a urinalysis with a healthcare provider, who can provide further interpretation and guidance on any necessary follow-up tests or treatments.

Answer 35

Leukocyte esterase is an enzyme found in white blood cells (leukocytes) that is commonly used as a marker for the presence of inflammation or infection in the urinary tract. The leukocyte esterase test is often included as part of a urinalysis to help diagnose urinary tract infections (UTIs). During a urinalysis, a dipstick with a chemical pad is dipped into the urine sample. The chemical pad on the dipstick changes color in the presence of leukocyte esterase, indicating the presence of white blood cells and inflammation in the urinary tract. The leukocyte esterase test is a quick and easy way to screen for UTIs, but it is not always accurate. False positives can occur if there is contamination of the urine sample, vaginal discharge, or if the patient is taking certain medications. False negatives can also occur if the urine sample is dilute or if the infection is caused by bacteria that do not produce leukocyte esterase. Therefore, if a leukocyte esterase test is positive, a healthcare provider may order additional tests, such as a urine culture, to confirm the presence of a UTI and determine the most appropriate treatment.

Answer 36

Uroepithelial cells, also known as transitional cells, are a type of cell that line the urinary tract. These cells are named for their transitional shape, ( round and pear-shaped)which allows them to stretch and change shape as the bladder fills and empties. Uroepithelial cells are found throughout the urinary tract, including the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. They play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the urinary tract lining, as well as protecting against infection and other damage.

Answer 37

The renal interstitium is a type of connective tissue. The renal interstitium is the tissue that surrounds the functional units of the kidney, called nephrons. It is a complex network of cells, extracellular matrix, and fluid that fills the spaces between the nephrons, blood vessels, and collecting ducts of the kidney. The renal interstitium plays a critical role in maintaining the proper function of the kidney. It provides support and structural integrity to the nephrons, as well as helps to regulate the flow of blood and fluids through the kidney.

Answer 38

they undergo a process called apoptosis, which is programmed cell death. This process helps to prevent the release of potentially harmful chemicals and enzymes that could damage surrounding tissues.

Answer 39

Dysuria is a medical term that refers to painful or difficult urination. It is a common symptom of many urinary tract infections and other urinary system conditions, such as bladder inflammation (cystitis), urethritis, and prostatitis. Dysuria can be caused by a variety of factors, including inflammation, irritation, or infection of the urinary tract, as well as urinary stones, tumors, or other obstructions. Symptoms of dysuria may include a burning or stinging sensation during urination, frequent urination, and a strong urge to urinate.

Answer 40

The term "pyuria" comes from two Greek words: "pyo" meaning "pus" and "ouron" meaning "urine". Therefore, pyuria refers to the presence of pus in the urine. Pus is a thick, yellowish or greenish fluid that is produced in response to infection or inflammation and is composed of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. Pyuria is often a sign of a urinary tract infection or other underlying condition affecting the urinary system.

Answer 41

why do we have urinary urgency and frequency with Pyelonephritis? Urinary urgency and frequency are common symptoms of pyelonephritis, which is an infection of the kidneys and the upper urinary tract. These symptoms occur because the infection causes inflammation and irritation of the urinary tract, which can stimulate the bladder to contract and produce the sensation of urgency and the need to urinate frequently. In addition, the infection can also affect the nerves and muscles that control bladder function, leading to bladder spasms and involuntary contractions that can cause urinary urgency and frequency. It is important to note that urinary urgency and frequency are not specific to pyelonephritis and can occur with other urinary tract infections and conditions, such as cystitis and urethritis. If you are experiencing these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.why do we have urinary urgency and frequency with Pyelonephritis?

Answer 42

tenderness refers to that is felt over the area

Answer 43

A CBC (complete blood count) test is a common blood test that is used to evaluate and monitor various aspects of a person's blood and overall health. It measures the levels of different components in the blood, including: Red blood cells (RBCs): These carry oxygen throughout the body. Abnormal RBC levels can indicate anemia or other blood disorders. White blood cells (WBCs): These help fight infection and disease. Abnormal WBC levels can indicate an infection or an immune system disorder. Platelets: These help the blood to clot. Abnormal platelet levels can indicate a bleeding disorder. Hemoglobin: This is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Abnormal hemoglobin levels can indicate anemia or other blood disorders. Hematocrit: This measures the proportion of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. Abnormal hematocrit levels can indicate anemia or other blood disorders. A CBC test is typically ordered as part of a routine physical exam or to evaluate symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, fever, or unexplained bleeding or bruising. It can also help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as infections, anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders.

Answer 44

What is tubule atrophy ? Tubule atrophy refers to the degeneration and loss of the tubules in the kidney, which are responsible for filtering and processing the blood to produce urine. This condition can occur as a result of various kidney diseases and disorders, including chronic kidney disease, pyelonephritis (infection of the kidney), and nephrotic syndrome (a group of kidney disorders that cause damage to the glomeruli). When tubule atrophy occurs, the tubules become damaged and gradually lose their ability to filter the blood and remove waste products from the body. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, including decreased urine output, fluid retention, high blood pressure, electrolyte imbalances, and kidney failure.

Answer 45

Urosepsis is a serious medical condition that occurs when a bacterial infection in the urinary tract spreads to the bloodstream, causing a systemic infection. It is a type of sepsis, which is a potentially life-threatening condition that can cause organ failure and death if left untreated. Urosepsis typically occurs as a complication of a urinary tract infection (UTI), such as cystitis or pyelonephritis. When bacteria enter the urinary tract and are not effectively treated, they can multiply and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. This can lead to symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, confusion, and organ failure. Urosepsis is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment.

Answer 46

Urosepsis is a serious medical condition that occurs when a bacterial infection in the urinary tract spreads to the bloodstream, causing a systemic infection. It is a type of sepsis, which is a potentially life-threatening condition that can cause organ failure and death if left untreated. Urosepsis typically occurs as a complication of a urinary tract infection (UTI), such as cystitis or pyelonephritis. When bacteria enter the urinary tract and are not effectively treated, they can multiply and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream. This can lead to symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, confusion, and organ failure. Urosepsis is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment.

Answer 47

The term "urosepsis" is a medical term that is derived from the combination of two words: "uro-" meaning relating to the urinary system, and "-sepsis" meaning a potentially life-threatening condition caused by the spread of infection throughout the body. "Sepsis" comes from the Greek word "sepsis" which means putrefaction or decay. Therefore, urosepsis refers specifically to sepsis caused by an infection in the urinary system, which has spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream.

Answer 48

A Complete Metabolic Panel (CMP) is a blood test that provides information about a person's overall health and organ function. It measures several substances in the blood, including: Electrolytes: such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. These are important for maintaining proper fluid balance, pH balance, and nerve and muscle function. Glucose: this measures the amount of sugar in the blood and can help diagnose diabetes and monitor blood sugar levels. Kidney function: this includes blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels, which can help assess how well the kidneys are filtering waste products from the blood. Liver function: this includes tests such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which can help assess how well the liver is functioning. Total protein and albumin: these tests can help assess overall nutritional status and liver and kidney function. Calcium: this can help assess bone health and can be used to monitor certain medical conditions. A CMP is commonly used as a routine screening test during a physical exam, or it may be ordered to help diagnose or monitor certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, or electrolyte imbalances.

Answer 49

A urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause delirium in some cases, particularly in older adults. This is because UTIs can lead to a variety of physiological changes that affect brain function. When bacteria infect the urinary tract, they can cause inflammation and release toxins that can enter the bloodstream and affect brain function. The resulting inflammation and toxins can disrupt normal neurotransmitter activity in the brain and cause delirium, a state of confusion and disorientation. Additionally, UTIs can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, which can also contribute to delirium. Older adults are particularly vulnerable to delirium due to age-related changes in the brain and increased susceptibility to infections.

Answer 50

why does a uti cause delirium more in older people than younger ? UTIs can cause delirium more frequently in older people than younger people because of several factors. As we age, the immune system weakens, making older adults more susceptible to infections such as UTIs. Additionally, older adults may have other medical conditions or take medications that further weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. Furthermore, as we age, our brains become more susceptible to damage from inflammation and toxins that are released by the infection

Answer 51

In medical terminology, distention refers to the condition of being distended or swollen. It is the act of stretching or expanding beyond normal limits. In the context of the abdomen, abdominal distention refers to the condition of the abdomen being visibly swollen or enlarged. This can be caused by a variety of factors, such as gas, constipation, or fluid accumulation, as mentioned in the previous answer. Distention can also occur in other parts of the body, such as the bladder (bladder distension), the blood vessels (vascular distension), or the lungs (pulmonary distension), among others.

Answer 52

What does a Urinalysis test consist of ? A urinalysis is a common laboratory test that examines a urine sample for various components and properties. A typical urinalysis test can include the following: Visual examination: A technician or healthcare provider will visually examine the color, clarity, and odor of the urine sample. Dipstick test: A dipstick, which is a narrow plastic strip with several pads or squares that change color in the presence of certain substances, is dipped into the urine sample. The dipstick can test for various components, including pH, protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, and blood. Microscopic examination: A small amount of the urine sample is examined under a microscope to look for cells, bacteria, crystals, and other elements that may not be visible to the naked eye. Based on the results of these tests, a urinalysis can provide information about various health conditions, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease, diabetes, liver problems, and other conditions that affect the urinary system. The interpretation of the results may depend on the individual's age, gender, medical history, and other factors, and may require further testing or evaluation by a healthcare provider.

Answer 53

what is a Ultrasonography in simple terms Ultrasonography, also known as ultrasound imaging or sonography, is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body. The sound waves are sent into the body through a device called a transducer, which is placed on the skin over the area being examined. The sound waves bounce back off the internal structures and are picked up by the transducer, which then creates an image of the internal structures in real time. Ultrasonography is a safe and painless procedure that can be used to diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions.

Answer 54

The normal range for specific gravity in urine is typically between 1.002 and 1.035, although the exact range may vary depending on the laboratory and the methods used for testing. Values below this range may indicate overhydration or a condition that leads to dilute urine, while values above this range may indicate dehydration or a condition that leads to concentrated urine. -Specific gravity is a measure of the concentration of dissolved substances in a liquid compared to the concentration of those same substances in pure water. In the context of urinalysis, specific gravity refers to the concentration of dissolved solids and solutes in urine compared to the concentration of those same substances in pure water.

Answer 55

creatinine clearance (CrCl) Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles during their normal metabolism. It is transported to the kidneys through the bloodstream, where it is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine. Creatinine is a commonly measured parameter in blood and urine tests as it provides an estimate of kidney function.

Answer 56

helps with incontienence

Answer 57

Bicarbonate (HCO3) is an important electrolyte in the body that helps regulate the pH balance of blood and other bodily fluids. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body's bicarbonate levels by filtering the blood and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions back into the bloodstream while excreting other acids and hydrogen ions into the urine.

Answer 58

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys that stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells (RBCs). EPO plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's oxygen balance by regulating RBC production in response to changes in oxygen levels. When the body's oxygen levels are low, such as during high-altitude exposure, anemia, or chronic kidney disease, the kidneys increase their production of EPO, which in turn stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs. This helps to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and improve tissue oxygenation.

Answer 59

s a twitching or spasm of the facial muscles that occurs in response to tapping or lightly striking the facial nerve in front of the ear. This sign is caused by hyperexcitability of the nerves and muscles due to low levels of calcium in the blood.

Answer 60

also known as the carpopedal spasm, is a sustained contraction of the hand and fingers or foot and toes that occurs in response to prolonged ischemia, such as when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm for several minutes. The spasm is caused by an imbalance of calcium in the blood, which can lead to increased neuromuscular excitability. Both Chvostek's and Trousseau's signs can be useful in diagnosing and monitoring hypocalcemia, which can be caused by a variety of factors, including kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, and certain medications. Treatment for hypocalcemia may involve supplementation with calcium and vitamin D, as well as treating the underlying cause of the condition.

Answer 61

Yes, calcium and phosphate have a reciprocal or inverse relationship in the body. This means that as the level of one of these minerals increases in the blood, the level of the other mineral tends to decrease.

Answer 62

They are produced by cells in many tissues and organs, including the stomach, kidneys, and reproductive system.

Answer 63

vasodialetes the tubules in the kidney during cleaning and gets rid of H2O, Na, and Ca

Answer 64

T whereas the other 20% are called juxtamedullary nephrons and are located closer to the medulla of the kidney

Answer 65

true and can cause UTI

Answer 66

it can also cause ischemia and AKI coz the kidneys are not being supplied with oxygenated blood

Answer 67

The word "neuropathy" comes from the Greek roots "neuro-", meaning "nerve", and "-pathy", meaning "suffering" or "disease".

Answer 68

when we collect urine for a urinalysis

Answer 69

If the urinalysis suggests the presence of a bacterial infection, a culture and sensitivity test may be performed to identify the type of bacteria causing the infection and determine the most effective antibiotic treatment.

Answer 70

common in old people

Answer 71

true Meat itself is not inherently inflammatory, but certain types of meat and the way they are prepared can contribute to inflammation. For example: Processed and red meat: Processed meats like bacon, sausage, and deli meats, as well as red meat like beef, pork, and lamb, have been linked to increased inflammation when consumed in excess. These meats are high in saturated fat and can contain harmful compounds like heme iron and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which can trigger inflammation. Cooking methods: High-heat cooking methods like grilling, frying, and broiling can produce harmful compounds like heterocyclic amines (HCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can also contribute to inflammation.

Answer 72

carry oxygen throughout the body. Abnormal RBC levels can indicate anemia or other blood disorders. OO = 02

Answer 73

These help fight infection and disease. Abnormal WBC levels can indicate an infection or an immune system disorder.

Answer 74

These help the blood to clot. Abnormal platelet levels can indicate a bleeding disorder.

Answer 75

This is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Abnormal hemoglobin levels can indicate anemia or other blood disorders.:

Answer 76

While it is more common for cystocele to cause urinary incontinence, in some cases it can also lead to urine retention

Answer 77

Older people may experience urine retention due to a variety of reasons, including: Weakness of the pelvic floor muscles that support the bladder and urethra. Enlarged prostate gland in men, which can compress the urethra and obstruct urine flow. Nerve damage or dysfunction due to aging or underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, or spinal cord injuries. Medications that affect bladder or urinary tract function, such as antihistamines, anticholinergics, or opioids. Structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, such as urethral strictures, bladder stones, or tumors.

Answer 78

Androgen deprivation slows progression of CKD There is some evidence that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), which is a treatment for prostate cancer that lowers levels of testosterone, may slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in men with both conditions.

Answer 79

due to a variety of reasons: Age-related changes: The muscles and tissues of the bladder and urethra weaken with age, which can lead to involuntary leakage of urine. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions such as urinary tract infections, enlarged prostate gland, diabetes, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis can increase the risk of incontinence. Medications: Some medications, such as diuretics, sedatives, and antidepressants, can cause bladder control problems. Reduced mobility: Older people may have reduced mobility, making it harder to get to the toilet in time. Cognitive impairment: Dementia and other cognitive impairments can affect the ability to recognize the need to use the toilet and to find the toilet in time. Lifestyle factors: Certain lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, and chronic constipation can increase the risk of incontinence.

Answer 80

Urosepsis is a serious medical condition that occurs when a bacterial infection in the urinary tract spreads to the bloodstream, causing a systemic infection. When bacteria enter the urinary tract and are not effectively treated, they can multiply and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream

Answer 81

it means the kidneys are not filtering trash

Answer 82

One of the main reasons is that high blood sugar levels can cause damage to blood vessels and nerves over time, reducing the blood supply to the wound and making it harder for the body to fight off infections. High blood sugar levels can also impair the immune system, making it less effective at fighting infections. In addition, people with diabetes may have other health conditions that can affect wound healing, such as poor circulation or nerve damage. Finally, people with diabetes are more likely to have chronic wounds that are slow to heal, which can be more difficult to treat than acute wounds. It's important for people with diabetes to manage their blood sugar levels carefully and to work with their healthcare provider to develop a plan for preventing and treating wounds.

Answer 83

Bicarbonate (HCO3-) is an important buffer in the body that helps to maintain the acid-base balance in the blood. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating the levels of bicarbonate in the body. Buffer means : contrapeso en este caso (HCO3-) es un contrapeso a la acidez del PH

Answer 84

For example, if CVP is low, this can indicate that blood volume is depleted and the kidneys may respond by decreasing urine output and retaining more fluid in an effort to increase blood volume. Conversely, if CVP is high, this can indicate that blood volume is increased and the kidneys may respond by increasing urine output to eliminate excess fluid. Therefore, monitoring CVP can be a useful tool in assessing and managing patients with conditions such as heart failure, kidney disease, or fluid imbalances.

Answer 85

octavia says urine is steril

Answer 86

old people

Answer 87

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a sudden loss of kidney function that can occur within hours to days. It is a serious medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. The treatment of AKI depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition.

Answer 88

you can't filter blood fast if you don't get enough of it at a fast rate

Answer 89

anything above that means you have too much glucose in your blood and the kidneys can't handle it

Answer 90

GRF Normal GFR 100-125 mL/min

Answer 91

Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are an important component of the immune system

Answer 92

old people

Answer 93

old people

Answer 94

old people

Answer 95

Erythropoietin

Answer 96

yes el malfuncionamiento de nephrons hace que el GFR filtre menos de 125 x min

Answer 97

A decreased Diastolic perfusion Pressure was associated with AKI (Because it’s not getting oxygenated = ischemia/injury of kidney tissue aka AKI) while a decreased MAP was not. So MAP going down is less dangerous. (it’s not the hallmark)

Answer 98

increases chance of kidney stones

Answer 99

culture and sensitivity test A culture and sensitivity (C&S) test is a laboratory test that is used to identify the microorganisms that are present in a sample of body fluid or tissue (such as urine, blood, or sputum) and determine which antibiotics are effective against them.

Answer 100

indicates anemia

Answer 101

if they are not getting perfused they release them. They cause vasodilation and increase the supply of blood to the kidneys.

Answer 102

low RBC or hemoglobin which is a component of RBC

Answer 103

Cystography Cystography is a medical imaging test that is used to examine the bladder and urinary tract. The test involves the use of a contrast dye, which is injected into the bladder through a catheter or tube inserted into the urethra.

Answer 104

Low calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and high phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia) can both contribute to itching in CKD patients.

Answer 105

mear in spanish lol

Answer 106

1. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (8-25 mg/dL) Elevated with hepatic or renal impairment, dehydration, high protein diet, infection, steroid use, GI bleed Decreased with malnutrition, fluid volume excess, severe hepatic damage 2. Creatinine (Cr) (0.6-1.5 mg dL) Male slightly > then female d/t muscle mass Elevated with CKD, kidney obstruction, intense exercise, high muscle mass, pregnancy, certain meds [trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim), corticosteroids, Vitamin D metabolites, salicylates, phenacemide, pyrimethamine, cimetidine) BUN/Cr ratio (10:1-20:1) Increased ratio = FVD or hypoperfusion of the kidneys Decreased ratio = FVE or malnutrition GFR

Answer 107

old people

Answer 108

(Fluid Volume Deficit)