Male Reproductive SystemAssessment and disorders

Question 1

External genitalia: structure and function

Answer 1

1. Penis
   - Assigned male at birth reproductive organ
   - Shaft, base, glans, foreskin, urethral meatus, urethra
   - Role is both for reproduction and urination
2. Scrotum
   - Thin-walled sac that is suspended below the pubic bone, posteriorly to the penis
   - Functions as a protective covering for the testes, epididymis and vans deferens, helps maintain cooler than body temperature control

Question 2

Internal genitalia: Structure and Function

Answer 2

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens

Question 3

Inguinal area: Structure and Function

la ingle

Answer 3

Between the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and the symphysis pubis medially

Question 4

Assessment

Answer 4

• Reproduction and sexual issues are often considered extremely personal and private
  **Maintain a professional demeanor
  **Be sensitive
  **Ask gender-neutral questions
  **Be aware of culture and beliefs
  **Begin with questions about less sensitive matters
  **Only expose the area being examined

Question 5

Assessment: Subjective.

Answer 5

• PMHx
  **Self-testicular exam findings
• Surgical hx
• Social hx
  **Environmental exposures, sexual practices, and partners
• Family hx
  **Testicular cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer
  **Meds

Question 6

Assessment. Objective data

Answer 6

Inspection:
- Base and pubic hair
**Hair growth pattern, excoriation, erythema, infestation
- Skin of the shaft
Rashes, lesions, lumps
- Foreskin
Color, location, integrity in uncircumcised men
- Glans
**Size, shape, lesions, redness
**Note location of urinary meatus
-Scrotum
**size, shape, position
**Swelling, lumps
**Skin for color, integrity, lesions
***Spread out scrotal folds and lift scrotal sac to expose posterior skin
-Hernias
**Inguinal, scrotal, femoral area
**Ask client to bear down

Question 7

Diagnostics

Answer 7

Digital Rectal Exam (like literally using fingers) (DRE): if you want to assess the prostate.
Prostate fluid or tissue analysis
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Transabdominal ultrasound
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) (+/- biopsy)

Other tests:
Testosterone
Cholesterol
A1C
Serum glucose
Pt specific tests depending on findings, conditions, etc.

Question 8

Select conditions affecting sexual function starts here

Question 9

Disorders of Sexual Function

Answer 9

Erectile dysfunction:

-The inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex
**Potential causes: anxiety, fatigue, depression, absence of desire, vascular, endocrine, hematologic, and neurologic disorders, trauma, medications, alcohol, drug abuse

Ejaculation problems:

• Premature ejaculation, ejaculation before one wants to
• Retrograde ejaculation: occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm

Question 10

Management Disorders of Sexual Function

Answer 10

• Oral medications—sildenafil (Viagra), vardenafil (Levitra) and tadalafil (Cialis) all increase blood flow to the penis
  **Side effects include headache, flushing,xk they increase BP by vasodilation dyspepsia
  **Caution with retinopathy. high bp tp the retina can damage it
  **Contraindicated with nitrate use such as nitroglycerin because it’s a vasodilator.
• Hormone therapy for low levels of testosterone (injections, patches or gels)
• Injected vasoactive agents
  **Complications include priapism (persistent abnormal erection)
• Urethral gel
• Penile implants and transplants
• Negative pressure devices (vacuum)
• Psychological therapy to address anxiety, depression, fear, guilt that may affect sexual function

Question 11

Select conditions affecting the Prostate

Question 12

Prostatitis

Answer 12

• Prostatitis: inflammation caused by an infectious agent
  **Acute bacterial: sudden onset of fever, dysuria, perineal pain
  **Chronic bacterial: typically asymptomatic
  **Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: genitourinary symptoms with no bacteria in urine
  **Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis: diagnosed incidentally, elevated PSA
  **Treatment includes appropriate anti-infective agents and measures to alleviate pain and spasm

Question 13

Prostate Cancer

Answer 13

• Second most common type of cancer in men in the world (men)
• If found early, has a nearly 100% cure rate
• Risk factors include:
  **Advanced age
  **Family history
  **Race
• Slow growing and predictable metastasis pattern
  **Nearby lymph nodes and bones, lungs, and liver

Question 14

Prostate CancerClinical Manifestations Subjective

Answer 14

PMHx, surgical hx, social hx, family hx
Diet
Unexplained weight loss

Question 15

Prostate CancerClinical Manifestations GU symptoms subjective

Answer 15

Urgency
Frequency
Nocturia
Hesitancy
Weak stream
Blood in urine
Frequent bladder infections
Pain with ejaculation
Penile pain, discharge
Other pain
Scrotal pain or swelling

Question 16

Prostate CancerClinical Manifestations Objective:

Answer 16

Hematuria
Pain in the pelvis, spine, hips, ribs
Lymphadenopathy in the groin
DRE: prostate is hard “like a rock” and bumpy

Urinary symptoms: These can include frequent urination, difficulty starting or stopping urination, weak or interrupted urine flow, or a sense of incomplete bladder emptying.

Erectile dysfunction: Prostate cancer can affect the nerves and blood vessels involved in achieving and maintaining an erection, leading to difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.

Pain or discomfort: Prostate cancer can cause pain or discomfort in the lower back, hips, or thighs, as well as pain or discomfort during ejaculation.

DRE findings: During a digital rectal exam (DRE), a healthcare provider may feel a hard, irregularly shaped prostate gland, which can be a sign of prostate cancer.

Question 17

Prostate CancerDiagnostics Labs

Answer 17

Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA): for screening
Early prostate cancer antigen (EPCA-2): maybe a serum marker for prostate CA
Other biomarkers also exist

Other Diagnostics:
-Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
-Biopsy

Question 18

Prostate CancerStaging. A staging system is a standard method used to described how far a cancer has spread.

Answer 18

Check slide 27

Question 19

Prostate CancerStaging. Gleason Scale

Answer 19

slide 21

Question 20

Prostate CancerTreatment

Answer 20

Active Surveillance
Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP)= most common surgical procedure. you use a tube and camera
Open radical prostatectomy the same as the one above but you make an incision
Radiation Therapy
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) but not in bphor hormone therapy
Chemotherapy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGakMycKnOs

Question 21

Prostate CancerPost-Op Care

Answer 21

Pain management
Prevent constipation (so that the GI doesn’t pressure the area ) this is common due to taking opioids
Indwelling urinary catheter
I&Os
Mobilization
Patient education

Question 22

Prostate CancerComplications

Answer 22

Long-Term Post-Op Complications:

• Erectile dysfunction (ED)
  **Consider medications (Viagra)
  -Urinary incontinence (One of the most common causes of urinary incontinence in men with prostate cancer is treatment-related damage to the muscles and nerves that control the bladder and urethra.)
  **Kegel exercises

Question 23

Epididymitis and orchitis

o de oevo hhahaa

Answer 23

Epididymitis: inflammation of the epididymis.

Orchitis: inflammation of one or both testicles

Question 24

Testicular torsion como la tapa de una botella

Answer 24

Testicular torsion: occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum. The reduced blood flow causes sudden and often severe pain and swelling. This is an emergency!

Question 25

spermatocele cele =?

Answer 25

Spermatocele: an abnormal cyst that develops in the epididymis. Usually filled with milky or clear fluid that might contain sperm.

. The sac contains dead sperm cells and other fluids and is usually painless and noncancerous.

Question 26

Hydrocele

hidoura ta3 kebch

Answer 26

• Hydrocele: type of swelling in the scrotum that occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle. Can be due to inflammation or injury within the scrotum
  -Transillumination
  **Shine light through scrotum
  **If solid mass, and light unable to shine through it means cancer.

Question 27

Varicocele

les varices gisel

Answer 27

Varciocele: an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum

Varicocele
Varicocele is a condition in which the veins in the scrotum become enlarged and swollen. This occurs when the valves within the veins that regulate blood flow back to the heart are weakened or damaged, causing blood to pool and the veins to enlarge.

Varicoceles typically develop on the left side of the scrotum, but can also occur on both sides.

Question 28

Testicular Cancer

Answer 28

Most common cancer in men ages 15 to 40 years

Highly treatable and curable

Risk factors: undescended testicles, positive family history, cancer of one testicle

Manifestations: painless lump or mass in the testes

Diagnostics: Testicular exam, CT abd/pelvis

Early diagnosis: monthly testicular self-exam (TSE) and annual testicular exam

Treatment: orchidectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (open or laparoscopic), radiation therapy, chemotherapy

Question 29

Testicular CancerNursing Considerations. check slide 34

Answer 29

Assessment of physical and psychological status
Support and coping
Address issues of body image and sexuality
Patient education
TSE and follow-up care

Question 30

Select Conditions Affecting the Penis

Question 31

Hypospadias and Epispadius

epi and hypo daaa

Answer 31

Hypospadias: abnormal urethral opening on the bottom of the penis. Hypospadias occurs during fetal development when the urethral folds fail to close completely, resulting in an abnormal opening.

Epispadias: abnormal urethral opening on the top of the penis

Question 32

phimosis
Jordi no era de Philadelphia

need circumcision

Answer 32

Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin of an uncircumcised penis can not be retracted from the penis head, causing painful urination and erections

Question 33

Bowen’s disease almost always seen in uncircumcised people

Answer 33

Bowen’s disease: superficial squamous cell carcinoma in which cancer cells are confined to all layers of the epidermis of the penis

Question 34

Priapism

Answer 34

Priapism: prolonged erection of the penis (>4hrs) not related to sexual activity

Question 35

Peyronie’s Disease

Answer 35

Peyronie’s disease: a chronic condition that involves the development of abnormal scar tissue inside the penis, often resulting in bent or painful erections

Question 36

Urethral stricture

Answer 36

Urethral stricture: scarring that narrows the tube that carries urine out of your body

Question 37

circumscision

Answer 37

Circumcision: the surgical removal of the skin covering the tip of the penis

Question 38

The male glans, also known as the glans penis, is the rounded tip or head of the penis

Question 39

epididymis: on top of the 9eloua

The epididymis is a coiled tubular structure located on the posterior surface of the testis in the male reproductive system. It is responsible for the maturation, storage, and transport of spermatozoa from the testes to the vas deferens

Question 40

vans deferens

The vas deferens, also known as the ductus deferens, is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in males.

Question 41

helps maintain cooler than body temperature control.

Mas frio que el resto del cuerpo

Answer 41

Scrotum

Question 42

PMHx stands for “past medical history,”

Question 43

excoriation

Excoriation refers to the act of scratching or scraping the skin, resulting in damage to the outermost layer of the skin or the removal of skin tissue. Excoriation can be caused by various factors, including skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis, as well as psychological conditions such as anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Excoriation can also occur as a result of insect bites, allergic reactions, or contact with irritating substances.

Excoriation can lead to redness, inflammation, and open sores on the skin, which can increase the risk of infection.

Question 44

erythema

Erythema is a medical term used to describe redness or inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes. It is caused by increased blood flow to the affected area, which can be a result of a variety of factors, such as infection, injury, or an allergic reaction.

Question 45

Hernia

A hernia is a medical condition in which an organ or tissue protrudes through a weakened area in the surrounding muscle or connective tissue. Hernias can occur in various parts of the body, but are most commonly found in the abdomen or groin. They are often characterized by a bulge or lump under the skin that can be painful or uncomfortable.

Some common types of hernias include inguinal hernias (in the groin area),

Question 45

the urethra in men runs through the prostate gland

Question 46

In terms of internal genitalia we have the testes which are responsible for making testosterone and producing sperm.

Question 47

self testicular exams

patients should be be encouraged to do them monthly and we’ll talk about more on how to do it, but there’s things like being in a warm environment that’s particularly important, so that the scrotum is.
more relaxed and you can get a better feel of the testes.

Question 48

Prostate fluid or tissue analysis

Prostate fluid or tissue analysis, also known as a prostate biopsy, is a medical procedure in which a small sample of prostate tissue is collected and examined under a microscope to detect any abnormalities or signs of disease. The procedure is typically performed when there is a suspicion of prostate cancer or other conditions affecting the prostate gland.

During a prostate biopsy, a healthcare provider will insert a thin, hollow needle into the prostate gland and remove a small sample of tissue.

Question 49

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by the prostate gland. The PSA test is a blood test used to measure the level of PSA in a man’s blood. The PSA test is commonly used as a screening tool for prostate cancer, but it can also be used to monitor the progression of the disease or the effectiveness of treatment.

The PSA test is not a definitive test for prostate cancer, as elevated levels of PSA can also be caused by other conditions, such as prostate enlargement or infection.

Answer 49

An elevated PSA level does not necessarily mean that a man has prostate cancer, but it may warrant further evaluation and testing.

PSA is always produced by the prostate gland, and it is continuously released into the semen in small amounts. However, in certain conditions, such as prostate cancer, the amount of PSA produced and released into the bloodstream may increase.

Question 50

Testosterone test men

A testosterone test is a blood test used to measure the levels of testosterone, a male sex hormone, in a man’s blood. Testosterone plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics, as well as muscle mass, bone density, and overall health.

A testosterone test may be ordered if a man is experiencing symptoms of low testosterone, such as decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, fatigue, or muscle weakness. Testosterone tests may also be used to monitor the effectiveness of testosterone replacement therapy in men with low testosterone levels.

Answer 50

made in the testes

Question 51

endocrine and erectile dysfunction

Endocrine dysfunction can be a contributing factor to erectile dysfunction (ED). The endocrine system is responsible for producing and regulating hormones, including testosterone, which is important for male sexual function. When there is a hormonal imbalance, such as low testosterone levels, it can affect the ability to achieve or maintain an erection.

Question 52

Retrograde ejaculation ?

Retrograde ejaculation is a condition where semen, instead of being expelled through the penis during ejaculation, is redirected into the bladder. This occurs when the muscle that normally closes the bladder during ejaculation (the bladder neck sphincter) does not function properly, allowing semen to enter the bladder instead of being expelled out of the body.

Retrograde ejaculation can be caused by a variety of factors, including nerve damage from diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or surgery, as well as certain medications used to treat high blood pressure, depression, or prostate conditions. In some cases, it may occur as a side effect of prostate surgery.

Men with retrograde ejaculation may notice that their ejaculation volume is decreased or that they have no visible semen during orgasm. However, this condition does not typically cause pain or other symptoms.

While retrograde ejaculation is not harmful, it can lead to infertility if a man is trying to conceive with a partner. In these cases, fertility treatments such as artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization may be necessary.

Treatment for retrograde ejaculation depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, discontinuing medications that contribute to the condition may be enough to resolve it. In other cases, medications or procedures to improve bladder neck function may be recommended. In cases where fertility is a concern, sperm can be retrieved from the urine after ejaculation and used for assisted reproductive technologies.

Question 53

vardenafil (Levitra)

Answer 53

Disorders of Sexual Function

Question 54

tadalafil (Cialis) all increase blood flow to the penis

Question 55

dyspepsia (pepsin stomach remember ? )
Dyspepsia is a medical term used to describe a group of symptoms that occur in the upper gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach and esophagus. These symptoms may include:

Abdominal pain or discomfort
Bloating
Nausea
Belching
Acid reflux
Feeling full after eating a small amount of food

Answer 55

.

Question 56

retinopathy
can be caused by medications for sexual male dysfunction because thier increase BP and we know what high BP does to the small vessels of the retina right ?
Retinopathy refers to damage to the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that is responsible for sending visual signals to the brain.

Answer 56

.

Question 57

nitrates and medications for Disorders of Sexual Function

Nitrates and Viagra (sildenafil) should not be taken together, as they can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure.

Nitrates are medications used to treat chest pain or angina, which work by dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow to the heart. Examples of nitrates include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate.

Viagra, on the other hand, is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction, which works by increasing blood flow to the penis. It is in a class of medications called phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors.

Question 58

vasoactive agents

Vasoactive agents are medications that affect blood vessels by causing them to dilate or constrict. They are used to treat a variety of conditions, including erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and shock.

Examples of vasoactive agents include:

Nitroglycerin: Nitroglycerin is a nitrate medication that dilates blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow. It is used to treat chest pain (angina) and heart failure, and can also be used to treat anal fissures and other conditions.

Epinephrine: Epinephrine is a hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases heart rate, and is used to treat severe allergic reactions, asthma attacks, and cardiac arrest.

Dopamine: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that can also act as a vasoactive agent when administered as a medication. It can dilate blood vessels in some areas of the body, while constricting them in others, and is used to treat shock, heart failure, and low blood pressure.

Question 59

papi chulo

Priapism is a persistent and painful erection of the penis that lasts for more than 4 hours and is not related to sexual stimulation. Priapism is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent permanent damage to the penis and erectile function.

Question 60

Urethral gel for male erectile dysfunction

Urethral gel is a medication used to treat male erectile dysfunction. It is a topical medication that is inserted into the urethra, the tube that carries urine and semen out of the body. The medication is absorbed through the urethral tissue and into the bloodstream, where it helps to increase blood flow to the penis, leading to an erection.

The active ingredient in urethral gel is usually alprostadil, a prostaglandin that dilates blood vessels and helps to increase blood flow to the penis.

Question 61

male erectile dysfunction . Penile implants are a type of surgical treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) that involves the insertion of a device into the penis to help a man achieve an erection.

Question 62

Negative pressure devices for erectile dysfunction
Negative pressure devices, also known as vacuum erection devices, are non-invasive medical devices used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). These devices consist of a cylindrical tube that is placed over the penis, and a hand pump or battery-operated pump that creates a vacuum inside the tube, causing blood to flow into the penis and create an erection.

Negative pressure devices are often used as a first-line treatment for ED, especially for men who cannot take or do not respond well to oral medications such as sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis).

Question 63

elevated PSA
PSA, or prostate-specific antigen, is a protein produced by the prostate gland, and elevated PSA levels can be an indication of prostate problems, including prostate cancer. However, an elevated PSA level does not necessarily mean that cancer is present, and other factors such as age, medication use, and prostate infections can also cause elevated PSA levels.

Question 64

race and prostate cancer

Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates vary by race and ethnicity. In the United States, prostate cancer is more common and more deadly among Black men than among men of other races and ethnicities. According to the American Cancer Society, Black men have a 60% higher incidence rate and more than twice the mortality rate of prostate cancer compared to white men.

The reasons for these disparities are complex and not fully understood, but may be related to differences in genetics, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors, and access to healthcare. Black men may also be more likely to be diagnosed with aggressive forms of prostate cancer, which can contribute to higher mortality rates.

Question 65

Pain in the pelvis, spine, hips, ribs

Answer 65

Prostate CancerClinical Manifestations Objective:

Question 66

Lymphadenopathy in the groin

Answer 66

Prostate CancerClinical Manifestations Objective:

it has spread

Question 67

Lymphadenopathy in the groin refers to the swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes in the inguinal region, which is the area where the leg meets the lower abdomen. There are many potential causes of lymphadenopathy in the groin, including infections, inflammation, and cancer

Answer 67

Prostate CancerClinical Manifestations Objective:

Question 68

If during a digital rectal exam (DRE), the prostate is found to be hard “like a rock” and bumpy, this may be a sign of prostate cancer. However, other conditions can also cause the prostate to feel hard and bumpy, such as inflammation, infection, or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Question 69

Early prostate cancer antigen 2 (EPCA-2) is a protein that has been investigated as a potential serum marker for prostate cancer. It is a marker of early prostate cancer, and is thought to be able to detect prostate cancer earlier than the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test.

Studies have shown that EPCA-2 can detect prostate cancer with a higher specificity (the ability to accurately identify true positives) than PSA. However, it is not widely used as a screening test for prostate cancer at this time.

Answer 69

.

Question 70

The Gleason scale is a grading system used to determine the aggressiveness of prostate cancer based on the appearance of cancer cells under a microscope. The system assigns a grade (between 1 and 5) to the two most common patterns of cells found in a prostate biopsy, with the sum of the grades representing the overall Gleason score (between 2 and 10).

The higher the Gleason score, the more aggressive the cancer is considered to be, and the greater the likelihood of it spreading beyond the prostate gland. A Gleason score of 6 or lower is considered low-grade, while a score of 7 is intermediate-grade, and a score of 8 or higher is high-grade.

The Gleason score is an important factor in determining treatment options and predicting outcomes for prostate cancer. In general, low-grade prostate cancer may not require immediate treatment, while high-grade prostate cancer may require aggressive treatment such as surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy.

It is important to note that the Gleason score is just one factor used in determining treatment options and predicting outcomes for prostate cancer, and other factors such as the stage of the cancer and the patient’s overall health and preferences must also be taken into account.

Question 71

Laparoscopic etymology

The term “laparoscopic” is derived from two Greek words: “lapara,” meaning “abdomen,” and “skopein,” meaning “to look at.” Therefore, laparoscopic literally means “to look at the abdomen.”

Question 72

why is an Indwelling urinary catheter in Prostate CancerPost-Op

After surgery, there may be swelling or damage to the prostate gland, which can result in difficulty in passing urine. The use of an indwelling urinary catheter can help drain urine and prevent the buildup of urine in the bladder, reducing the risk of infection, discomfort, and other complications.

In addition, an indwelling catheter can also help in monitoring the patient’s urine output, which can provide important information about their kidney function and overall recovery progress. It can also help in the administration of certain medications, such as bladder irrigation solutions, which may be necessary in some cases.

Overall, the use of an indwelling urinary catheter in prostate cancer post-op is aimed at promoting urinary function recovery and reducing the risk of complications during the postoperative period.

Question 73

Slow growing and predictable metastasis pattern

Answer 73

Yes, prostate cancer can spread (metastasize) beyond the prostate gland to nearby lymph nodes, bones, lungs, and liver, as well as to other parts of the body. The spread of prostate cancer can occur through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, and the most common sites of metastasis are the bones and lymph nodes.

Question 74

Orchitis

Orchitis is a medical condition that involves inflammation of one or both testicles. This inflammation can be caused by a bacterial or viral infection, or it may occur as a result of injury to the testicles. Common symptoms of orchitis include pain and swelling in the affected testicle, as well as tenderness, fever, and nausea.

In some cases, orchitis can lead to complications such as infertility or abscess formation. Treatment for orchitis usually involves antibiotics to treat any underlying infection, as well as pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications to manage symptoms. Rest, elevation, and ice packs may also be recommended to help reduce swelling.

Question 75

The term “hydrocele” comes from the Greek words “hudor” meaning water, and “kele” meaning a tumor or swelling. The word “hydrocele” thus refers to a condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in a sac within the scrotum, resulting in swelling of the affected area.

Question 76

elevated PSA=Prostatitis

Question 77

“Undescended” means that a body part or organ has not moved from its original location to its expected or normal location during development. In the case of undescended testicles, it means that one or both testicles have not moved from the abdomen to the scrotum, which is their normal location.

Answer 77

ma hebtouch min kan lazen yehbtou

Question 78

orchidectomy

Orchidectomy, also known as orchiectomy, is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of one or both testicles.

Answer 78

ouevo

Question 79

Transrectal ultrasound

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) is a medical imaging technique that is used to create detailed images of the prostate gland and surrounding tissues. It is typically performed by a urologist or radiologist and involves inserting a small ultrasound probe into the rectum, which is located near the prostate gland.

Question 80

how is testosterone made ?

Testosterone is primarily produced in the testes of males and in smaller amounts in the ovaries of females. It is a hormone that belongs to a class of hormones known as androgens.

Testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells, which are located in the testes of males. The production of testosterone is stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which is controlled by the hypothalamus in the brain. When the hypothalamus senses that testosterone levels in the body are low, it releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH),

Question 81

Symptoms of a hydrocele can easily be distinguished from testicular cancer, as a hydrocele is soft and fluidy, where a testicular cancer feels hard and rough.

Answer 81

so they are not the same

Question 82

prostate function

The prostate gland contains secretory cells that produce alkaline fluid. The prostatic fluid mixes with sperm and fluid from the seminal vesicles during ejaculation. The alkalinity of the prostatic fluid neutralizes the acidic metabolic wastes released by sperm and counteracts the acid pH within the vagina to ensure mass survival of sperm.

Question 83

Urination, without bladder emptying, is an indication that the prostate gland is enlarged.

Question 84

Plasma testosterone levels decrease with age

Question 85

TURP is the most widely used procedure for prostate gland removal. Because it requires no incision

Answer 85

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Question 86

what is bladder irrigation used for
Bladder irrigation is a medical procedure in which a sterile solution is introduced into the bladder via a catheter to flush out blood clots, mucous, or other debris that may be present in the bladder. It is commonly used after certain surgeries, such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), which can cause bleeding or clot formation in the bladder.

Bladder irrigation may also be used to treat urinary tract infections or other conditions that cause inflammation or irritation of the bladder lining. In these cases, the irrigation solution may contain antibiotics or other medications to help reduce inflammation and promote healing.

Question 87

TSE is to be performed monthly, usually after a warm bath or shower when the scrotum is more relaxed.

Question 88

transurethral resection

Transurethral resection (TUR) is a surgical procedure in which a surgeon removes tissue from the inside of the urethra or bladder using a special instrument called a resectoscope. The procedure is typically performed under anesthesia, and involves inserting the resectoscope through the urethra and into the bladder, where the surgeon can visualize the tissue to be removed.

TUR is commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), bladder tumors, urethral strictures, and other conditions that affect the urinary system. In the case of BPH, TUR can help relieve symptoms by removing the excess tissue that is causing the obstruction of urine flow.

Question 89

Paraphimosis results in strangulation of the glans penis from inability to replace the retracted foreskin.

Question 90

Prostatism

Prostatism, also known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), is a condition in which the prostate gland becomes enlarged.

Question 91

BPH symptoms tend to develop slowly over time as the prostate gland grows larger. The most common urinary symptoms of BPH include:

Frequent urination, especially at night
Urgency to urinate
Weak urine stream
Difficulty starting urination
Inability to completely empty the bladder
Dribbling at the end of urination
Urinary retention, which can lead to bladder infections and kidney damage if left untreated
In contrast, prostate cancer symptoms may not appear until the cancer has advanced. In addition to urinary symptoms similar to those of BPH, prostate cancer symptoms may include:

Blood in the urine or semen
Painful ejaculation
Pain or discomfort in the pelvic area, back, or bones
Erectile dysfunction
Loss of appetite and weight loss

Question 92

DRE

Answer 92

digital rectal exam