Renal and GU

Question 1

What is an AKI?

Answer 1

rapid deterioration in renal function usually associated with oliguria <0.5ml/kg/hour

Question 2

Management of hyperkalaemia secondary to AKI

Answer 2

1. Cardioprotection - calcium gluconate (if ECG changes)
2. Push K into cells - bicarbonate, salbutamol (neb/IV), glucose + insulin
3. Remove excess K - calcium resonium, dialysis
4. Dietary restriction

Question 3

Signs of hyperkalaemia on ECG

Answer 3

1. Tall tented (peaked) T waves

2. Widened QRS complexes

Question 4

What does haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) consist of?

Answer 4

‘A Horrible Triad’
AKI
Haemolytic microangiopathy anaemia
Thrombocytopaenia

Question 5

Stages of CKD

Answer 5

1. Kidney damage but normal kidney function (GFR >90ml/min/m2)
2. Mild decrease of GFR (60-89)
3. Moderate decrease of GFR (30-59)
4. Severe decrease of GFR (15-29)
5. Kidney failure (GFR <15 or dialysis)

Question 6

Most common cause of CKD in children

Answer 6

renal dysplasia ± reflux