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Pharmacology > Renal and Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Renal and Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pressure =

A

cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance

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2
Q

What medications treat hypertension?

A
  1. adrenergic drugs
  2. ACE inhibitors
  3. ARBS
  4. calcium channel blockers
  5. diuretics
  6. vasodilators
  7. direct renin inhibitors
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3
Q

What is a direct renin inhibitor?

A

tekturna

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4
Q

What are 4 adrenergic drugs?

A
  1. adrenergic blocks
  2. alpha 2 agonists
  3. alpha 1 blockers
  4. beta blockers
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5
Q

What are 3 indications of ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. hypertension
  2. heart failure
  3. MI
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6
Q

What is ACE inhibitors drug ending

A

-pril

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7
Q

What is 1 contraindication of ACE inhibitors?

A

hyperkalemia

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8
Q

What is angioedema?

A

extreme facial swelling

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9
Q

What are 2 side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. angioedema
  2. renal failure
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10
Q

What are 3 interactions of ACE inhibitors?

A
  1. NSAIDS
  2. Potassium
  3. Lithium
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11
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for ACE inhibitors?

A

dc slowly

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12
Q

What does ARBs stand for

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers

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13
Q

What are 2 indications of ARBs

A

hypertension
heart failure

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14
Q

What is ARBs drug ending?

A

-artan

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15
Q

What are 3 side effects of ARBs

A
  1. hypoglycemia
  2. diarrhea
  3. anemia
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16
Q

What are 4 interactions of ARBs

A
  1. potassium
  2. NSAIDS
  3. lithium
  4. decongestants
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17
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for ARBs

A

dc slowly

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18
Q

What are 2 vasodilators?

A

hydralazine
nitropress

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19
Q

What are side effects of vasodilators?

A
  1. rash
  2. dyspnea
  3. n/v
  4. diarrhea
  5. thrombocytopenia
  6. cyanide toxicity
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20
Q

How do antianginal drugs work?

A

increase oxygen supply and decrease oxygen demand

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates and nitrites

A

relax smooth muscle cells in blood vessels

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22
Q

What is the difference between stable and unstable angina?

A

stable goes away with rest

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23
Q

What are 3 nitrates and nitrites?

A
  1. isodril (isosorbide)
  2. imdur (isosorbide)
  3. nitroglycerin
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24
Q

What are 2 side effects of nitrates and nitrites?

A

postural hypotension
tachycardia

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25
Q

What are 3 interactions of nitrates and nitrites?

A
  1. erectile dysfunction drugs
  2. beta blockers
  3. calcium channel blockers
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26
Q

What are 2 nursing implications of nitrates and nitrites?

A
  1. tolerance can occur
  2. sit when taking
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27
Q

Mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers?

A
  1. prevents muscle contraction and promotes relaxation
  2. decrease electrical conduction
  3. decrease HR
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28
Q

What are 5 calcium channel blockers?

A
  1. norvasc
  2. cardizem
  3. cardene
  4. procardia
  5. isoptin
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29
Q

What are 6 side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A
  1. constipation
  2. nausea
  3. dyspnea
  4. rash
  5. flushing
  6. peripheral edema
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30
Q

What are 6 interactions of calcium channel blockers?

A
  1. beta blockers
  2. digoxin
  3. amiodarone
  4. statins
  5. cyclosporine’s
  6. anifungals
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31
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for calcium channel blockers?

A

dc slowly

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32
Q

What 7 drugs treat HF

A
  1. phosphodiesterase inhibitors
  2. cardiac glycosides
  3. ACE inhibitors
  4. ARBS
  5. beta blockers
  6. dobutamine
  7. diuretics
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33
Q

What is the mechanism of action of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A

cause a positive iontropic response and vasodilation

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34
Q

What is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor?

A

primacor

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35
Q

What are 2 contraindications for phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A
  1. severe heart valve disease
  2. HF resulting from diastolic dysfunction
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36
Q

What are 3 side effects of phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

A
  1. hypokalemia
  2. tremor
  3. thrombocytopenia
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37
Q

What are 3 interactions of phosphodiesterase inhibitors

A
  1. diuretics
  2. digoxin
  3. furosemide
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38
Q

Mechanism of action for cardiac glycosides

A
  1. inhibits Na/K pump = increase cardiac contractility
  2. decreased HR
  3. increased diastolic filling
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39
Q

What are 2 indications of cardiac glycosides?

A

systolic HF
atrial fibrillation

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40
Q

What drug is a cardiac glycoside?

A

digoxin

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41
Q

What is the antidote for cardiac glycosides?

A

Digifab

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42
Q

What are 2 contraindications for cardiac glycosides?

A

ventricular fibrillation
diastolic HF

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43
Q

What are 4 side effects of cardiac glycosides?

A
  1. anorexia
  2. n/v
  3. diarrhea
  4. vision changes
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44
Q

What 3 drugs can cause digoxin toxicity

A
  1. amiodarone
  2. quinidine
  3. verapamil
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45
Q

What is 1 interaction of cardiac glycosides?

A

medications that lower K+

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46
Q

What is the therapeutic index of digoxin?

A

0.5-2 ng/ml

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47
Q

Mechanism of action of class I antidysrhythmic drugs

A

stabilize cell membrane by depressing action of fast sodium channels

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48
Q

What are 2 indications for class I antidysrhythmic drugs?

A

atrial fibrilation
ventricular dysrhythmias

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49
Q

What 5 drugs are class I antidysrhythmic

A
  1. quinidex
  2. pronestyl
  3. lidocaine
  4. tambocor
  5. rythmol
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50
Q

What is 1 contraindication of class I antidysrhythmic drugs

A

sick sinus syndrome

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51
Q

What are 2 side effects of class I antidysrhythmic drugs?

A
  1. blurred vison
  2. prolonged QT interval
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52
Q

What is 1 interaction of class I antidysrhythmic drugs

A

warfarin

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53
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for antidysrhythmic drugs

A

take with food

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54
Q

Mechanism of action of class III antidysrhythmic drugs

A

increase action potential duration by prolonging repolarization

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55
Q

What are 2 indications for class III antidysrhythmic drugs

A
  1. life-threatening ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation
  2. atrial fibrillation
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56
Q

What are 3 class III antidysrhythmic drugs

A
  1. amiodarone
  2. dronedarone
  3. betapace
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57
Q

What is 1 contraindication of class III antidysrhythmic drugs

A

sick sinus syndrome

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58
Q

What are 3 side effects of class III antidysrhythmic drugs

A
  1. liver, pulmonary, and thyroid toxicity
  2. blurred vision
  3. prolonged QT interval
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59
Q

What are 2 interactions of class III antidysrhythmic drugs

A
  1. warfarin
  2. digoxin
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60
Q

Mechanism of action of adenocard

A

slows electrical conduction time through the AV node

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61
Q

Indication for adenocard

A

supraventicular tachycardia

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62
Q

What are 2 contraindications of adenocard

A
  1. sick sinus syndrome
  2. atrial flutter/fib and v-tach
63
Q

What are 2 side effects of adenocard?

A
  1. chest pain
  2. dysrhythmias
64
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for adenocard?

A

administered fast IV push

65
Q

Mechanism of action for anticoagulants

A

prevent new clots from forming
prevents clots from dislodging
no effect on existing clots

66
Q

What is the antidote for heparin

A

protamine sulfate

67
Q

What is the antidote for warfarin

A

vitamin k

68
Q

What 5 anticoagulants don’t have an antidote

A
  1. pradaxa
  2. arixtra
  3. xarelto
  4. eliquis
  5. angiomax
69
Q

What does HIT stand for

A

heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

70
Q

What 4 herbs interact with anticoagulants

A
  1. St. John’s wort
  2. ginger
  3. garlic
  4. ginkgo
71
Q

What are 4 interactions of anticoagulants

A
  1. amiodarone
  2. erythromycin
  3. verapamil
  4. Aspirin
  5. NSAIDS
72
Q

What foods are high in vitamin K

A

dark green, leafy vegetables

73
Q

Where is heparin administer SQ

A

abdomen

74
Q

Where is lovenox administer SQ

A

love handles

75
Q

Mechanism of action of antiplatelet drugs

A

inhibit platelet aggregation

76
Q

What are 8 antiplatelet drugs

A
  1. aspirin
  2. plavix
  3. effient
  4. pletal
  5. brilinta
  6. integrilin
  7. aggrastat
  8. reoPro
77
Q

What is 1 interaction of antiplatelet drugs

A

NSAIDS

78
Q

What is a nursing implication for aspirin?

A

take with food and water

79
Q

Mechanism of action of thrombolytic drugs

A

activates the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin

80
Q

What is thrombolytic drug ending

A

-ase

81
Q

What are 2 side effects of thrombolytic drugs?

A
  1. hypotension
  2. cardiac dysrhythmias
82
Q

Antifibrinolytic drugs are also called

A

hemostatic

83
Q

Mechanism of action of hemostatic drugs

A

prevent lysis of fibrin which promotes clot formation

84
Q

What are 3 hemostatic drugs

A
  1. aminocaproic acid
  2. desmopressin
  3. tranexamic acid
85
Q

What is 1 contraindication of hemostatic drugs

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

86
Q

What is 1 interaction of hemostatic drugs

A

oral contraceptives

87
Q

Which lipoprotein is considered bad?

A

LDL

88
Q

What are antilipemic drugs

A
  1. HMGs or statins
  2. bile acid sequestrates
  3. Niacin (vitamin B3)
  4. fibrates
  5. zetia
  6. omega-3 fatty acids
  7. Praulent, Repatha
89
Q

What is another name for the statins?

A

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

90
Q

Mechanism of action of statins

A

decreases cholestrol production and lowers LDL levels

91
Q

What pregnancy class do statins belong to

A

category X

92
Q

What is rhabdomyolysis

A

breakdown of muscle cells and is excreted in urine (renal failure)

93
Q

What are 5 side effects of statins?

A
  1. blurred vision
  2. abdominal pain
  3. skin rash
  4. muscle pain
  5. rhabdomyolysis
94
Q

What are 4 interactions of statins

A
  1. warfarin
  2. antifungals
  3. verapamil
  4. amiodarone
95
Q

How long does it take statins to lower lipid levels?

A

6-8 weeks

96
Q

When taking statins what might you need to supplement

A

fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

97
Q

When should statins be taken

A

evening

98
Q

Mechanism of action of bile acid sequestrants

A

binds bile and prevents reabsorption = reduces level of LDL

99
Q

What are 3 bile acid sequestrants

A
  1. questran
  2. colestid
  3. welchol
100
Q

What are 4 side effects of bile acid sequestrants

A
  1. constipation
  2. nausea
  3. belching
  4. bloating
101
Q

How do bile acid sequestrants effect other drugs

A

decrease absorption

102
Q

Which what drugs should you increase dietary fiber and fluid intake

A

bile acid sequestrants

103
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for bile acid sequestrants

A

take all other drugs 1 hour before or 4-6 hours after

104
Q

What is the mechanism of action of niacin

A

increases activity of lipase
increases histamine release

105
Q

What are 3 contraindications of niacin

A
  1. peptic ulcer
  2. active bleeding
  3. gout
106
Q

What are 3 side effects of niacin

A
  1. flushing
  2. pruritus
  3. GI distress
107
Q

What is 1 interaction of niacin

A

statins

108
Q

What are 3 nursing implication for niacin

A

take with aspirin
start low initial dose
take with meals

109
Q

What is another name for fibric acid derivatives

A

fibrates

110
Q

Mechanism of action of fibrates

A

activate lipase
inhibits synthesis of triglycerides
increases secretion of cholestrol into bile

111
Q

What are 2 fibrates

A
  1. lopid
  2. tricor
112
Q

What are 3 side effects of fibrates?

A
  1. abdominal discomfort
  2. increased risk for gallstones
  3. prolonged prothrombin time
113
Q

What are 2 interaction of fibrates

A
  1. oral anticoagulants
  2. statins
114
Q

Mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A

prevents exchange of H+ ions with Na+ and H20
excretes bicarbonate and potassium

115
Q

What are 2 indications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A
  1. glaucoma
  2. edema secondary to HF
116
Q

What is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

diamox or acetazolamide

117
Q

What are 6 side effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A
  1. hyperglycemia
  2. metabolic acidosis
  3. anorexia
  4. hematuria
  5. urticaria
  6. photosensitivity
118
Q

What are 7 interactions of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A
  1. digoxin
  2. corticosteriods
  3. amphentamines
  4. carbamazepine
  5. cyclosporine
  6. phenytoin
  7. quinidine
119
Q

Mechanism of action of loop diuretics

A

inhibit chloride and sodium reabsorption
activate renal prostaglandins (vasodilation)
excrete potassium

120
Q

What are 2 indications of loop diuretics?

A
  1. edema associated with HF or renal
  2. hypertension
121
Q

What are 3 loop diuretics

A
  1. bumex
  2. lasix
  3. demadex
122
Q

What is a contraindication for loop diuretics

A

allergy to sulfa

123
Q

What are 5 side effects of loop diuretics

A
  1. photosensitivity
  2. blood disorders
  3. stevens-johnson syndrome
  4. ototoxicity
  5. neurotoxcicity
  6. nephrotoxicity
124
Q

What are 6 interactions of loop diuretics?

A
  1. vancomycin
  2. lithium
  3. NSAIDs
  4. antidiabetic drugs
  5. corticosteriods
  6. digoxin
125
Q

What is 1 nursing implication for loop diuretics

A

supplement K+

126
Q

Mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics

A

inhibits reabsorption of water and solutes = rapid diuresis
doesn’t excrete Na+

127
Q

What are 2 indications of osmotic diuretics

A
  1. acute renal failure
  2. reduce cerebral edema
128
Q

What is an osmotic diuretic

A

mannitol or osmitrol

129
Q

What are 2 contraindications of osmotic diuretics

A
  1. pulmonary edema
  2. severe renal disease
130
Q

What are 3 side effects of osmotic diuretics

A
  1. convulsions
  2. thrombophlebitis
  3. pulmonary congestion
131
Q

What drug may crystalize when exposed to low temps

A

osmotic diuretics

132
Q

What drug should be administered IV through a filter

A

osmotic diuretics

133
Q

What is another name for potassium-sparing diuretics

A

aldosterone-inhibiting diuretics

134
Q

Mechanism of action of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

bind to aldosterone receptors and block reabsorption of sodium and water

135
Q

What are 2 indications of potassium-sparing diuretics

A
  1. hypertension
  2. HF
136
Q

What are 3 potassium-sparing diuretics

A
  1. midamor
  2. aldactone
  3. dyrenium
137
Q

What is 1 contraindication of potassium-sparing diuretics

A

hyperkalemia

138
Q

What are 3 interactions of potassium-sparing diuretics

A
  1. lithium
  2. ACE inhibitors
  3. NSAIDs
139
Q

Mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics

A

inhibit reabsorption of Na, K, Cl in distal convoluted tubule
vasodilation

140
Q

What are 3 indications of thiazide diuretics

A
  1. edema
  2. heart failure
  3. hypertension
141
Q

What are 3 thiazide diuretics

A
  1. diuril
  2. HCTZ
  3. metolazone or zaroxolyn
142
Q

What is 1 contraindication of thiazide diuretics

A

sulfa allergy

143
Q

What are 5 side effects of thiazide diuretics

A
  1. hypercalcemia
  2. elevates lipids, glucose, uric acid
  3. GI disturbances
  4. skin rashes
  5. thrombocytopenia
144
Q

What are 5 interactions of thiazide diuretics

A
  1. corticosteroids
  2. digoxin
  3. oral hypoglycemia
  4. lithium
  5. NSAIDs
145
Q

Mechanism of action of crystalloids

A
  1. don’t contain proteins
  2. better for treating dehydration
146
Q

What are 3 crystalloids

A
  1. NaCl or NS
  2. LR
  3. D5W
147
Q

Mechanism of action of colloids

A

move fluids from interstitial sites to vessels

148
Q

What is the indication for colloids

A

conditions requiring plasma volume expansion

149
Q

What are 2 colloids

A

albumin
dextran

150
Q

What is 1 nursing implication of colloids

A

administer slowly

151
Q

What are 4 antidotes for potassium

A

kayexalate = induces diarrhea
dextrose
insulin
calcium gluconate

152
Q

What electrolyte should be taken with food

A

potassium

153
Q

At what rate can potassium be given IV

A

10-20mEq/hr

154
Q

What is 1 interaction of sodium

A

synercid

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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