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UA > Renal anatomy, physiology and urine formation > Flashcards

Renal anatomy, physiology and urine formation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main components of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

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2
Q

What three hormones do the kidneys produce?

A

erythropoietin
calcitriol
prostaglandins

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3
Q

at what vertebral level is the left kidney located?

A

T11-L2

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4
Q

At what vertebral level is the right kidney located?

A

T12-L3

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5
Q

What is the covering on the kidney?

A

Capsule

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6
Q

List the 7 parts of the internal kidney

A

Cortex (w/ renal columns)
medulla (pyramids)
minor and major calyces
renal pelvis

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7
Q

What are the 5 layers of the adrenal gland? exterior to interior

A

Capsule, zona glomerulosa, zona fasiciculata, zona reticularis, adrenal medula

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8
Q

What is the main functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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9
Q

Where are nephrons located?

A

Renal cortex and medulla

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10
Q

What are the 4 components of the nephron?

A

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

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11
Q

Which part of the nephron is considered the “medullary portion”?

A

Loop of Henle

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12
Q

In what order of structures do fluids leave the nephron collecting ducts to head toward the bladder?

A

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

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13
Q

What are the two types of nephrons and what is the difference?

A

Cortical - mostly in the renal cortex, have short loop of Henle

juxtamedullary - nephrons extend deep into the medulla, have long loop of Henle

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14
Q

Define filtration

A

substances pulled from blood into kidney

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15
Q

define reabsorption

A

substances pulled from kidney back into the body

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16
Q

define secretion

A

substances pulled straight from the body to the kidney (prox. and distal conv. tubules, loop of Henle)

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17
Q

define excretion

A

urine leaves kidney via collecting duct, calyces and renal pelvis

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18
Q

What percentage of blood leaving the left ventricle of the heart enters the kidnes via the renal arteries?

A

20-25%

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19
Q

How much blood goes through the kidneys per minute?

A

~1200 ml/min (both)

~600 ml/min (each)

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20
Q

Where do the kidney’s afferent arterioles travel to?

A

to the capillary tuft (glomerulus)

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21
Q

Where did the blood come from that is in the kidney’s efferent arterioles?

A

Blood that was not filtered by the glomerulus (capillary tuft)

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22
Q

Where do the kidney’s efferent arterioles travel to?

A

from glomerulus they become the peritubular capillaries in the cortex then the vasa recta in the medulla

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23
Q

what is the (outer) parietal layer of the bowman’s capsule made of?

A

fenestrated squamous epithelium (aka parietal epithelial cells)

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24
Q

What is the (inner) visceral layer of the bowman’s capsule made of?

A

podocytes (aka visceral epithelial cells)

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25
Q

3 layers of the glomerular capillary wall

A

fenestrated endothelium
basal lamina
podocites

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26
Q

What is GFR stand for?

A

glomerular filtration rate

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27
Q

What is GFR?

A

90-120 ml/min

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28
Q

What is the name of the GFR test?

A

clearance test

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29
Q

What does the clearance test test for?

A

how well the kidneys are filtering creatinine

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30
Q

What are “threshold substances”? 4 examples

A

substances that are almost completely reabsorbed by renal tubules (when concentration is w/in normal limits)

  • amino acids
  • creatine
  • potassium
  • sodium chloride
31
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle is water permeable?

A

descending loop of henle

32
Q

Where does reabsorption of solutes occur in the loop of henle?

A

ascending loop of henle

33
Q

how much of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed by the time it reaches the distal tubule?

A

~90%

34
Q

where is urea reabsorbed?

A

the collecting duct

35
Q

What two things does tubular secretion account for?

A

1) The removal of waste substances that weren’t filtered by the glomerulus (toxins and meds like penicillin)
2) secretion and removal of hydrogen and other ions to regulate acid-base and electrolyte balance

36
Q

What it the pH range of the body?

A

7.35 to 7.45

37
Q

What organs regulate the body’s pH?

A

Lungs and kidneys

38
Q

Are bicarbonates secreted or reabsorbed?

A

Both! Can be secreted but are often reabsorbed (up to 100%) depending on the pH of the body

39
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the distal and collecting tubules?

A

1) adjustment of pH, osmolality and electrolytes
2) secretion of K+, ammonia and H+
3) reabsorption of Na++ and bicarbonate

40
Q

What microscopic structure in the kidney regulates the function of each nephron?

A

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

41
Q

What are the 3 components of the JGA?

A

1) macula densa of distal convoluted tubule
2) juxtaglomerular cells (produce and secrete renin)
3) mesangial cells (secretion of erythropoietin)

42
Q

What precursor does renin react with? What does renin convert?

A

precursor: angiotensinogen

converts to angiotensin 1

43
Q

What enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2? Where?

A

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

lungs

44
Q

What does angiotensin 2 cause?

A

systemic vasoconstriction

45
Q

what two hormones does angiotensin 2 trigger the release of in order to cause vasoconstriction?

A

1) aldosterone - adrenals, increases Na absorption

2) antidiuretic hormone aka vasopressin - posterior pituitary

46
Q

from where is aldosterone secreted?

A

adrenal cortex

47
Q

What are two functions of aldosterone?

A

1) + blo NA reabsorption leading to + blo volume (water follows salt)
2) enhances K/Na ions in distal tubules

48
Q

What layers make up the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciulata, zona reticularis

49
Q

aka for ADH

A

vasopressin

50
Q

Where is ADH/vasopressin synthesized?

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

Where is ADH/vasopressin stored?

A

posterior pituitary gland

52
Q

aka posterior pituitary

A

neurohopophysis

53
Q

aka anterior pituitary

A

hypophysis

54
Q

what are two functions of ADH/vasopressin?

A

Makes walls of collecting ducts permeable, regulates H2O absorption in collecting ducts

55
Q

What is a result of insufficient ADH?

A

diabetes insipidus

56
Q

what are signs of DI?

A

polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria

57
Q

What are the two causes of DI?

A

1) decreased production of ADH/vasopressin

2) abnormal kidney response to ADH/vasopressin

58
Q

What does SIADH stand for?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion

59
Q

What is SIADH?

A

excessive secretion of ADH when not needed

60
Q

What is the most common cause of SIADH? what percentage?

A

small cell lung carcinoma 80%

61
Q

urine excretion rate

A

~1 ml/min

62
Q

urine excretion when dehydrated

A

~0.3ml/min

63
Q

urine excretion when excessively hydrated

A

~15ml/min

64
Q

average daily urine volume adult

A

1200-1500 ml

65
Q

When is the most urine produced?

A

daytime

66
Q

word to describe decrease urinary volume during shock or acute glomerulonephritis (<400ml/24 hr period)

A

oliguria

67
Q

word to describe complete suppression of urine formation (<75 ml/24 hr period for 2-3 days)

A

anuria

68
Q

in 24 hours, how many grams of dissolved material is secreted in urine? How much is urea?

A

~60g

1/2 is urea

69
Q

6 things that are abnormal in urine (BBGKPP)

A 
bilirubin
blood
glucose
ketone bodies
porphyrins
protein
70
Q

3 C’s of urine sediment

A

Cells
Crystals
Casts

71
Q

define cystitis

A

inflammation of bladder

72
Q

define nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney

73
Q

nephritis with bacterial infection

A

pyelonephritis

74
Q

nephritis without infection

A

glomerulonephritis

UA (4 decks)

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