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UA > Chemical Analysis > Flashcards

Chemical Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result on urine of high protein intake?

A

more acidic

more phosphates and sulfates are produced

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2
Q

What is the normal pH of a vegetarian diet?

A

> 6

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3
Q

What are some factors that result in persistent urine acidity?

A

dehydration, illness (diarrhea/fever), gout, diabetes ketoacidosis, gout, pulmonary emphysema, metabolic acidosis

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4
Q

What are some factors that result in persistent urine alkalinity?

A

renal failure, UTIs, bacterial contamination, alkaline drugs and diuretics

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5
Q

What are 4 methods of proteinuria? OGTS

A

Overflow - too much in system
Glomerular - too much coming through glomerulus
Tubular - inability to resorb
Secreted - inappropriate secretion into convoluted tubules

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6
Q

What is the strip primarily identifying in urine protein detection?

A

albumen

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7
Q

Does a negative protein test rule out all proteins?

A

NO

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8
Q

What 5 things can create a false positive protein test?

A
  • Highly buffered alkaline urine
  • old/exposed sample
  • contaminated container
  • some skin cleaners
  • blood in urine
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9
Q

What 2 things may cause a false negative protein test?

A
  • diluted urine

- other elevated proteins (other than albumen)

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10
Q

What are some things that can cause transient proteinuria?

A
  • stressors (physical/emotional)
  • dehydration
  • exposure heat/cold (fever)
  • pregnancy
    postural proteinuria
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11
Q

3 diseases that cause PERSISTENT proteinuria GPM

A
  • glomerulonephritis
  • pyelonephritis
  • malignant hypertenstion
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12
Q

What percentage of glucose is normally reabsorbed?

A

100%

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13
Q

what is the threshold where glucose will start entering urine? what condition?

A

160-180 mg/dl

Diabetes melitis

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14
Q

What sugars can give a positive on the dipstick?

A

glucose only

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15
Q

What drug can cause a false positive for glucose in urine? what condition?

A

Levodopa (parkinson’s)

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16
Q

What are three things that can cause a false positive glucose test?

A
  • some cleaning agents
  • drugs (levodopa)
  • high [ketone] in urine
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17
Q

What are 4 things that can cause a false negative glucose test?

A
  • cool urine
  • high specific gravity
  • alkaline urine (bacterial contamination)
  • Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in high doses
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18
Q

What is it called when someone has elevated glucose shortly after eating sweet food

A

transient glucosuria

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19
Q

What three things does glucosuria depend on?

A
  • ++ blood glu levels
  • – glomerular filtration rate
  • – tubular reabsorption
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20
Q

What 6 general things can contribute to persistent glucosuria?

A
  • DM
  • CNS issues
  • kidney issues
  • endocrine issues
  • liver issues
  • pharmaceuticals
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21
Q

what is a pheochromocytoma?

A

benign medullary tumor of the adrenal gland

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22
Q

what does the clinitest test for?

A

glucose and OTHER reducing sugars

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23
Q

What is clinitest most often used to assess?

A

how well diabetes is being managed

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24
Q

What 4 things can give a false positive clinitest?

A
  • Vit C
  • cephalosporins (-cillins)
  • drugs for gout and hyperuricemia
  • urinary preservatives
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25
Q

What can give a false negative clinitest?

A

technique errors

26
Q

What does the Benedict’s test test for? FGMGL

A

reducing sugars - fructose, glucose, maltose, galactose, lactose

27
Q

What two conditions are commonly assessed by a urine reducing sugar test?

A

galactosemia and diabetes, genetic carbohydrate metabolism disorders

28
Q

How are ketones produced? Where?

A

liver as part of fatty acid metabolism

29
Q

Normally, how many ketones are detectable in the urine

A

none

30
Q

Why would ketones be in the urine?

A

if the body doesn’t have enough glucose it switches to the fatty acid metabolism process, releasing ketones

31
Q

What 3 ketone bodies most commonly appear in urine when fats are burned for energy?

A
  • acetoacetic acid
  • beta-hydroxybutyric acid (most)
  • acetone
32
Q

what is the most common ketone that strips test for?

A

acetoacetic acid

33
Q

What can contribute to a false positive ketone test or atypical color?

A
  • combo high specific gravity and low pH
  • dehydration
  • phenylketones
  • some meds
  • ascorbic acid
34
Q

what can cause a false negative ketone test?

A
  • old urine

- loss of regent reactivity

35
Q

What diabetes will have positive ketone bodies?

A

DM

36
Q

What diabetes will have negative ketone bodies?

A

DI

37
Q

What 3 conditions are indicated by positive blood/hemaglobin in urine?

A
  • hematuria
  • hemoglobinuria
  • myoglobinuria
38
Q

what is hematuria?

A

presence of blood or intact RBC’s in urine

39
Q

what is a cause of RBC lysis which will release hemoglobin into the urine?

A

highly alkaline or very low specific gravity (1.007) urine

40
Q

How long does transient hematuria last?

A

2-3 days

41
Q

What two situations can cause transient hematuria

A
  • strenuous exercise

- menstrual contamination

42
Q

what 6conditions can cause persistent hematuria

A
  • renal diseases (all parts and incl trauma)
  • urolithiasis (kidney stones)
  • UTI
  • urinary tract tumor
  • prostatic cancer
  • virus infection (ebola)
43
Q

can incompatible blood transfusions result in intravascular hemolysis?

A

yes

44
Q

what sort of hypersensitivity reaction is hemolytic anemia?

A

hypersensitivity reaction type 2

45
Q

how much conjugated bilirubin is usually present in healthy subjects?

A

<10%

46
Q

what two conditions can an elevated level of conjugated serum bilirubin imply?

A
  • liver disease

- cholestatic/bile duct diseases

47
Q

what is unconjugated bilirubin tightly bound to?

A

albumin

48
Q

is unconjugated bilirubin found in urine?

A

No, glomerulus filters it out

49
Q

what is the confirmation of bilirubin presense in urine?

A

Ictotest

50
Q

What 4 things can cause a false positive urobilinogen test?

A
  • asprin
  • sulfonamides
  • nitrates
  • porphyria
51
Q

What 3 things can cause a false negative urobilinogen test?

A
  • old urine, exposed to light
  • formalin
  • broad spectrum antibiotics
52
Q

At what time are peak levels of urobilinogen?

A

between 2-4pm

53
Q

what 3 conditions can give elevated levels of urobilinogen?

A
  • liver disease
  • intestinal obstruction
  • hemolytic anemia
54
Q

what can the nitrite test indicate early on?

A

significant and asymptomatic bacteriuria

55
Q

what do mahy bacteria convert (and to what) that could indicate UTI?

A

nitrates to nitrites

56
Q

To detect bacteriuria, which urine sample is the one to choose? Why?

A

first morning urine, because it must incubate in bladder at least 4 hours

57
Q

false positive nitrite test?

A

too much air exposure after collection

58
Q

false negative nitrite test? 6

A
  • wrong pathogens
  • <4 hours in bladder
  • low or no nitrate diet
  • high specific gravity
  • high level of urobilinogen
  • vit C
59
Q

What is the only thing the nitrate test is used to identify?

A

UTI

60
Q

Why might leukocytes be in urine?

A

it’s normal, could be elevated with UTI

61
Q

False positive for leukocytes (3)

A
  • Trichomonas infection
  • vaginal discharge contamination
  • formalin used as preservative
62
Q

false negative for leukocytes (3)

A
  • high levels of Vit C
  • high levels of protein, glucose, specific grav.
  • some antibiotics

UA (4 decks)

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