Renal Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
kidney’s location
12th thoracic vertebrae &
3rd lumbar vertebrae
Which kidney is situated higher? (Left or right)
left kidney
main excretory organ responsible for urine formation
kidney
liver conjugates ___ to convert it into water soluble
B1 (bilirubin monoglucuronide)
- funnel like structure
- collects all nephron
- calculi (stones) formation
renal pelvis
connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder
ureter
stores urine and is sterile
urinary bladder
passageway out of urine
urethra
- biggest cell
- lower origin
- block relevant structures
Squamous epithelial cells
- caudale
- upper origin
- more common with catheterized specimens
Transitional Epithelial cells/Urothelial cells
- found in the nephron
- collecting duct
- distal convoluted tubule
- proximal covoluted tubule
- loop of Henle
- tubular necrosis
Renal Tubular Epithelial cells
Identify the apperance of RTEs in the following:
- collecting duct:
- distal convoluted tubule:
- proximal convoluted tubule:
- collecting duct: cuboidal
- distal convoluted tubule: round
- proximal convoluted tubule: cast-like/rectangular
Give the 2 types of nephrons
- Cortical nephrons
- Juxtamedullary nephrons
Which nephron is located in the kdiney’s cortex?
Cortical nephrons
Cortical or Juxtamedullar nephron?
- removes waste products
Cortical nephron
Cortical or Juxtamedullar nephron?
- urine/renal concentration
Juxtamedullary
Cortical or Juxtamedullar nephron?
- reabsorbs nutrients
Cortical nephron
Give 2 renal functions
- clearing waste products from blood
- water & electrolyte balance maintenance
It carries blood from the heart
renal artery
It takes blood away from the kidneys.
It carry blood filtered by the kidney.
renal vein
It carries unfiltered blood.
renal artery
kidneys receive _____ of blood via the heart
20-25%
Complete the ff:
- blood enters nephron’s capillaries via ___(1)___.
- flows through ___(2)___ and into __(3)___
- before returning to renal vein, blood enter __(4)__ & __(5)__
- flows slowly through the __(6)__ & __(7)___.
- blood enters nephron’s capillaries via afferent arteriole
- flows through glomerulus and into efferent arteriole
- before returning to renal vein, blood enter peritubular capillaries & vasa recta
- flows slowly through the kidney’s cortex & medulla
lower the efferent arteriole size,
___ glomerular capillary pressure
increases
unfiltered blood passageway
afferent arterioles
receives filtered blood
efferent arterioles
- provide immediate reabsorption of essential substances
- passage of substances from blood to tubular filtrate (secretion)
peritubular capillaries
surround proximal & distal convoluted tubules
peritubular capillaries
adjacent to ascending & descending loops of Henle
vasa recta
- maintains osmotic gradient (salt concentration) in medulla
- necessary for renal concentration
vasa recta
It is the volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time
Total Renal Blood Flow (TRBF)
It is a measurement for the exact amount of blood flowing through the kidney
Effective Renal Plasma Flow
1st process in urine formation
Glomerular filtration
plasma substances’ non-selective filter
glomerulus
glomerulus’ walls are known as
glomerular filtration barrier
Where is the glomerulus located?
Bowman’s capsule
What factors affect the actual filtration?
*There are four infuences
- Bowman’s capsule & capillary walls’ cellular structure
- hydrostatic pressure
- oncotic pressure
- RAAS
inflammation of the kidney’s filters
glomerulonephritis
What are the 3 glomerular filtration barrier that plasma filtrate must pass?
- capillary endothelial fenestrations
- basal lamina/basement membrane
- podocyte
capillary wall’s endothelial cells contain ____
fenestrated pores
pores increase
capillary permeability
True or False
Glomerulus’ cellular structure has barrier which repels molecule with a (+) charge such as albumin.
Shielf of negativity
True
In when hydrostatic pressure, filtration enhances through:
In when hydrostatic pressure, filtration enhances through:
- smaller efferent arterioles
- smaller glomerular capillaries
*glomerular capillary pressure will increase
maintains glomerular capillary’s pressure consistency
hydrostatic pressure
overcomes opposition pressures from Bowman’s capsule fluid & unfiltered plasma proteins’ oncotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure
Given that blood pressure drops, what will the arterioles do to prevent decreased blood flow
dilate afferent
constrict efferent
Given that blood pressure rises, arterioles will do what to prevent overfiltration/glomerulus damage
constrict afferent
regulates blood flow to and within the glomerulus
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
responds to blood pressure & plasma sodium content changes
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
justamedullary apparatus consists of?
juxtamedullary cells & macula densa
- enzyme produced by juxtaglomerular cells
- secreted and reacts with blood-borne substrate angiotensinogen
renin
Explain RAAS’ chemical reaction
renin + angiotensinogen → alveoli: angiotensin I (angiotensin-converting enzyme) → angiotensin II
aldosterone: antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
aldosterone: **_adrenal cortex_** antidiuretic hormone (ADH): **_hypothalamus_**
filtrate’s specific gravity (plasma ultrafiltrate)
1.010
filtrate & plasma difference
plasma protein absence
Active or Passive:
substance + carrier protein
active transport
Active or Passive
gradients/physical difference
passive transport
Active or Passive:
renal tubular epithelial cells
active trasnport
In active transport, these substances are reabsorbed:
*There are 5 substances.
- glucose: p. CT
- amino acids: p. CT
- salts: p. CT
- chloride (Cl): a. Henle
- sodium (Na): p & d CTs
In passive transport, molecules move across a membrane as a result of differencen in:
- concentration
- electrical potential
Passive transport absorbs what substances?
*There are 3 substances.
- water: all nephron parts except ascending loop
- urea: proximal CT & ascending loop
- sodium (Na): ascending loop
Renal concentration begins in?
ascending & descending loops of Henle
Tubular Concentration
- descending loop of Henle:
- ascending loop of Henle:
- descending loop of Henle: water is removed
- ascending loop of Henle: NaCl is reabsorbed
- selective reabsorption
- maintains osmotic gradient of medulla
- Na & Cl leaving the filtrate in the ascending loop prevent dilution of medullary interstitium by water reabsorbed from descending loop
countercurrent mechanism
collecting duct receives ____ of urine
1 mL/min
- anouria:
- oliguria:
- polyuria:
- anouria: no urine release (heart disease and blockage)
- oliguria: little amount of urine (≤ 400 mL) is release (hydration)
- polyuria: excessive urination (x > 2500 mL)
ADH is determined by
body’s hydration