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Clinical Microscopy > Physical Exmaination of Urine > Flashcards

Physical Exmaination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Uroerythrin gives a pink pigment due to?

A

precipitation of amorphous urates

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2
Q

gives an orange brown pigment

A

Urobilin

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3
Q

oxidation product of urobilinogen

A

Urobilin

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4
Q

Give 3 other colors which are indicative of yellow foam due to bilirubin

A

Dark yellow/amber/orange

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5
Q

Describe the urine for hepatitis virus

A

Dark yellow/amber/orange with yellow foam

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6
Q

Color of foam if proteins are present

A

White foam

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7
Q

Dark yellow/amber/orange with no foam is due to?

A

photo-oxidation of large amounts of excreted urobilinogen to urobilin

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8
Q

photo-oxidation of bilirubin due to biliverdin

A

Yellow/green

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9
Q

Yellow-orange urine is due to?

A

administration of phenazopyridine or azo-Gantrisin compounds; UTI

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10
Q

Color of urine when blood is present

A

red/pink/brown

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11
Q

Give 2 non-pathogenic causes which can have a red/pink/brown urine

A

menstrual contamination & highly pigmented foods

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12
Q

Give 2 medicines for red/pink/brown urine

A

Rifampin & phenolphthalein

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13
Q

Color may range from link to brown depending on?

A

amount of blood
pH of urine
length of contact

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14
Q

low pH indicates what color urine?

A

brown urine

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15
Q

urine is brown due to?

A

oxidation of hemoglobin and methemoglobin

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16
Q

What color of urine indicate glomerular bleeding due to conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin?

A

brown urine

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17
Q

Color of urine when hemoglobin or myoglobin is present

A

Red & clear

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18
Q

What specimen is used to distinguish hemoglobinuria and myoglobinuria?

A

Plasma

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19
Q

Color of urine when RBCs are present

A

red & cloudy

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20
Q

Port wine color is due to?

A

porphyrin

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21
Q

Color of urine due to oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrins

A

Port wine

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22
Q

Brown/black urine may contain?

A

melanin or homogentisic acid

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23
Q

Melanin is due to oxidation of? Indicates what disease?

A

oxidation of melanogen;

malignant melanoma

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24
Q

metabolite of phenylalanine

A

homogentisic acid

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25
Q

Homogentisic acid imparts a black color to alkaline urine in person with?

A

alkaptonuria

26
Q

UTI caused by Pseudomonas spp. can cause what color of urine?

A

blue/green

27
Q

Give 2 medicines for blue/green urine

A

Methocarbamol

Methylene blue

28
Q

Measured through visual examination while holding the clear container with urine in front of a light source

A

Clarity

29
Q

Give 5 description of urine clarity

A 
straw
hazy
cloudy
turbid
milky
30
Q

In normal clarity, amorphous phosphates & carbonates precipitation cause?

A

white cloudiness

31
Q

amorphous phosphates & carbonates:

urates:

A

amorphous phosphates & carbonates: white ppt & alkaline pH

urates: pink brink/uroerythrin & acidic pH

32
Q

Give 5 causes of non-pathologic turbidity

A 
semen
vaginal creams
talcum powder
radiographic contrast media
fecal contamination
33
Q

most common pathologic causes of turbidity

A

RBC
WBC
bacteria
systemic organ disorder

34
Q

density of a solution compared with the density of a similar volume of distilled water at a similar temperature

A

Specific gravity

35
Q

used to evaluate urine concentration

A

specific gravity

36
Q

SG normal random specimens

A
  1. 002-1.035

1. 015-10.30

37
Q

only method of urinalysis that requires correcting

A

refractometry

38
Q

determines the concentration of dissolved particles in a specimen by measuring refractive index

A

Refractometry

39
Q

comparison of the velocity of light in air with the velocity of light in a solution

A

Refractive index

40
Q

uses a prism to direct a specific wavelength of daylight against a manufacturer-calibrated SG scale

A

Clinical refractometers

41
Q

True or False

Temperature corrections are necessary

A

False

42
Q

Temperature is compensated at what degrees?

A

15C & 38C

43
Q

Corrections for __(1)__ & __(2)__ must be calculated by subtracting __(3)__ & __(4)__ to each gram respectively.

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Proteins
  3. 0.004
  4. 0.003
44
Q

abnormal high result range

A

x > 1.040; intravenous pyelogram

45
Q

affected inly by the number of particles present

A

Osmolality

46
Q

Substances of interest for osmolality

A

Na & Cl

47
Q

____ contribute more to SG than Na & Cl

A

urea

48
Q

Unit of measurement for osmole

A

milliosmole (mOsm)

49
Q

(1g) / (# particles)

A

osmole

50
Q

measured to determine osmolality

A

Colligative property

51
Q

uses freezing point depression to measure osmolality

A

A2O Advanced Automated Osmometer

52
Q

based on change in pKa of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

A

Reagent strip SG

53
Q

stain that measures change in pH

A

Bromthymol blue

54
Q

low SG:

high SG:

A

low SG: alkaline (blue)
———-green———
high SG: acid (yellow)

55
Q

normal odor of freshly voided urine

A

Aromatic

56
Q

urea breakdown odor

A

Aromatic

57
Q

odor for bacterial infections

A

foul, ammonia-like

58
Q

UTI odor

A

foul, ammonia-like

59
Q

odor for diabetic ketones, starvation, and vomitting

A

sweet/fruity

60
Q

maple syrup urine disease odor

A

Maple syrup odor

61
Q

odor for ingestion of certain foods such as onions & garlic

A

Unusual/pungent

Clinical Microscopy (2 decks)

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