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CardioPulmRenal Final > Renal Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

Renal Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

In what category of organs are kidneys?

A

retroperitoneal organs

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2
Q

At what vertebral levels are the kidneys located?

A

T12-L3

-right kidney is a little lower d/t the liver

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3
Q

What sits on top of the kidneys?

A

suprarenal glands

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4
Q

What is the size of the kidney?

A

10 cm long
5 cm wide
2 cm thick

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5
Q

How far away from the median plane are the kidneys?

A

5 cm from median plane to the hilum

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6
Q

Where does the transpyloric plane “run through” each kidney?

A

left - hilum

right - superior pole

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7
Q

The superior parts of the kidneys lie at which rib levels?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

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8
Q

How is the right kidney related anatomically to the iliac crest?

A

the inferior pole of the right kidney is one index finger’s width above the iliac crest

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9
Q

What tissue layers surround each kidney, deep to superficial?

A

perinephric fat - extends into renal hilum
renal fascia - also covers suprarenal gland and vessels
paranephric fat

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10
Q

Do the kidneys move?

A

Yes, during respiration, the can move approx 3 cm

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11
Q

Delineate the arterial supply to the kidneys.

A

Renal A. off of descending aorta
-segmental aa., interlobar aa. (pass through renal columns to get to the renal cortex), arcuate aa., interlobular aa., afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles

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12
Q

What are the two capillary beds of the renal system?

A

glomerulus

peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

Delineate the venous return leaving the peritubular capillaries.

A

interlobular vv.
arcuate vv.
interlobar vv.
Renal V.

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14
Q

What is the blood supply to the ureters?

A
  • opportunistic; grab whatever blood supply they can as they descend
  • renal A., gonadal A., abdominal aorta branches, iliac branches
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15
Q

What is the sympathetic nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

lesser splanchnic N. (T10-T11)
least splanchnic N. (T12)
lumbar splanchnic nn. (L1-L2)

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16
Q

What is the parasympathetic nerve supply to the kidneys?

A

posterior vagal trunk

–from R vagus N.

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17
Q

Where is EPO made in the kidneys?

A

in the interstitial area of the renal cortex

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18
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

the outer portion containing the renal corpuscles

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19
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

the collection of pyramids and columns

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20
Q

What are the renal pyramids?

A

cone-shaped masses in the medulla

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21
Q

What comprises a renal lobe?

A

single pyramid and the surrounding cortex

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22
Q

What is the renal column?

A

tissue lying b/w pyramids

runs from cortex to calyx

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23
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

a covering of dense irregular connective tissue w/ inner myofibroblasts

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24
Q

What is a renal papilla?

A

projection of pyramid apex into the calyx

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25
Q

Delineate the flow from the minor calyx to the ureter.

A

minor calyx
major calyx
renal pelvis
ureter

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26
Q

What comprises a nephron?

A

a corpuscle and its tubules

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27
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons - superficial, do most of the filtering, high GFR

juxtamedullary nephrons - deeper in the cortex, set the concentration of urine

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28
Q

What structures come together in the renal papillae before heading into the minor calices?

A

collecting ducts of each nephron

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29
Q

What type of epithelium comprises the glomerulus?

A

fenestrated

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30
Q

What are the two parts of the peritubular capillaries (the second capillary bed in addition to the glomerulus)?

A

cortical = surrounds PCT and DCT; fenestrated epithelium

vasa recta = in the medulla surrounding the Loop of Henle

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31
Q

What type of epithelium comprises the vasa recta around the descending and ascending Loops of Henle?

A 
descending = continuous epithelium
ascending = fenestrated epithelium
32
Q

What comprises a renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

33
Q

What are the layers, deep to superficial of a Bowman’s capsule?

A

visceral layer = in contact w/ capillaries, has podocytes
glomerular space = contains primary filtrate
parietal layer = simple squamous epithelium

34
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A
  • structural support for glomerular loops and ECM of podocytes
  • contractile phagocytic cells that prevent glomerular distention (since glomerular BP is high)
35
Q

What are mesangial cells capable of secreting?

A

secrete growth factors and cytokines in response to injury

36
Q

What are the three components of the renal filtration barrier?

A

glomerular endothelium
glomerular basement membrane
podocytes of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

37
Q

What are characteristics of the glomerular endothelium?

A

fenestrated
thick luminal glycocalyx
lots of aquaporin channels
can generate NO and PGE2 (vasodilators)

38
Q

What are characteristics of the glomerular basement membrane?

A

consists of Type IV and XVIII collagens, laminin, entactin, and proteoglycans

39
Q

How does the glomerular basement membrane serve as a physical barrier?

A

it restricts particles larger than 70 kD from entering into the urinary system

40
Q

How does the glomerular basement membrane serve as a chemical barrier?

A

it’s stronly anti-ionic
-repels negatively charged molecules (ex: proteins)

thus, albuminia is indicative of damage

41
Q

What are characteristics of podocytes?

A
  • part of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

- foot-like processes that interdigitate to make filtration-like slits

42
Q

What is the purpose of the renal filtration barrier?

A
  • restricts passage of blood cells, immunoglobulins and large proteins into the urine
  • allows passage of water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea into the urine … literally makes the urine
43
Q

What are the characteristics of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

A
  • lumen looks like a star (highly folded)
  • most active tubule in resorption and secretion
  • simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • abundant microvilli
  • abundant mitochondria for transporters (sGLT2)
44
Q

What are the characteristics of the proximal straight tubule?

A
  • not as tall as PCT
  • less well-developed brush border
  • high-affinity sodium-glucose transporters (sGLT1)
45
Q

What are the characteristics of the thin segment of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • permeable simple squamous epithelium
  • no brush border
  • some nuclei bulge into the lumen
46
Q

What are the characteristics of the thick segment of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium

- numerous microvilli, but no visible brush border

47
Q

What is the purpose of the Loop of Henle?

A

sets up the hyperosmotic gradient

48
Q

In what part of the kidney is the PCT located?

A

in the renal cortex

49
Q

In what part of the kidney is the Loop of Henle?

A
  • loops down into the medulla and then back up into the cortex
  • terminates near the vascular pole of the corpuscle
50
Q

In what part of the kidney is the DCT?

A

-in the renal cortex

51
Q

What are the characteristics of DCT?

A
  • round lumen
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
  • sparse microvilli
  • angiotensin II has a big role in sodium reabsorption
52
Q

What are the two components of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus?

A
  • juxtaglomerular cells

- macula densa

53
Q

What are juxtaglomerular cells?

A
  • mechanosensory cells that are right up against the afferent arterioles
  • signaled by the macula densa to secrete renin if BP is low
54
Q

What is the macula densa?

A
  • tight nuclei at distal end of the thick ascending Loop of Henle
  • monitor sodium levels in urine and signal the juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin
55
Q

What is the role of collecting ducts?

A

determine final osmolality by reabsorbing water

56
Q

What hormones primarily target the collecting ducts?

A

ADH

aldosterone

57
Q

What are the two types of mechanosensory cells of the collecting ducts?

A
  • principal cells aka light cells (target of aldosterone)
  • intercalated cells (H+ and HCO3- transport)

-these cells are the targets of many pharmaceuticals

58
Q

What type of cells comprise the collecting tubules?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

-transitions to columnar near the papillae

59
Q

Where in the kidney are the collecting tubules and ducts located?

A

run through the cortex and deep into the medulla

-several tubules join together at papilla to form a duct before draining into the minor calyx

60
Q

What are the components of the urinary tract?

A

-ureters, bladder, urethra

61
Q

What is the major type of cell lining the urinary tract?

A

urothelium (transitional epithelium)

62
Q

Where is the urothelium found?

A
  • lining the calices
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • proximal parts of the urethra
63
Q

What are the three layers deep to superficial of the urothelium?

A
  • deep: one layer of basal cells on basement membrane
  • intermediate: “sliding layer” of cuboidal/columnar layers
  • superficial = umbrella cells that stretch and relax
  • -binucleated cells
64
Q

What is the urothelium’s special function that is significant to the urinary tract?

A
  • as urine fills, cells flatten and membrane thickens
  • urothelial plaques form impermeable barrier
  • -made with uroplakin proteins that protect from urine
  • when urine empties, the proteins are endocytosed
  • -stored in vesicles until needed
65
Q

What are the characteristics of the ureters?

A
  • fibromuscular tube from kidneys to the bladder
  • superficial urothelium folded around lumen
  • muscularis (3 layers) that moves with peristaltic waves
  • adventitia (connective tissue)
  • empty bladder at an oblique angle to avoid retroflow
66
Q

What are the characteristics of the bladder?

A
  • normally holds 400-600 mL (up to 1L)

- enclosed by the detrusor muscle (smooth muscle), muscular sac enclosing bladder

67
Q

Where is the bladder located?

A
  • anterior to uterus and rectum

- sits within the pelvis, but expands into abdomen

68
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A

-the inferior/posterior wall where the ureters and urethra open

69
Q

What are the layers, superficial to deep, of the bladder wall?

A
  • urothelium
  • detrusor muscle
  • fibrous adventitia
70
Q

What is the length of the female urethra versus the male urethra?

A

female: 3-5 cm
male: 20 cm

71
Q

What are the three types of epithelium in the urethra and their locations?

A
  • urothelium = near the bladder
  • pseudostratified columnar = majority
  • stratified squamous = distal end
72
Q

What is the female urethra called?

A

membranous urethra = the portion that passes through the urogenital diaphragm

73
Q

What are the sphincters of the bladder and their muscular qualities?

A
  • internal sphincter = involuntary

- external sphincter = voluntary skeletal muscle; part of the pelvic floor

74
Q

What does the female urethra facilitate versus the male urethra?

A 
female = urine
male = urine and semen
75
Q

What are the regions of the male urethra?

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy (penile) urethra
  • -through corpus spongiosum, the cylindrical erectile tissue in the penis

CardioPulmRenal Final (13 decks)

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