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CardioPulmRenal Final > Gas Transport & Erythrocyte Physiology > Flashcards

Gas Transport & Erythrocyte Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fxns of erythrocytes?

A
  • deliver oxygen and nutrients
  • remove wastes
  • maintain homeostasis (acid/base buffering)
  • circulation
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2
Q

What is the hematocrit (ratio of RBC) in an adult male?

A

-45 percent

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3
Q

What is the hematocrit (ratio of RBC) in an adult female?

A

-40 percent

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4
Q

What is the hematocrit (ratio of RBC) in a 2-month-old infant?

A

-35 percent

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5
Q

What is the hematocrit (ratio of RBC) in a newborn?

A

-55 percent

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6
Q

Delineate the cell stages of erythropoiesis.

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

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7
Q

What is the main influence on erythrocyte maturation?

A

oxygen demand

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8
Q

What hormone is the main regulator of erythrocyte production?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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9
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) synthesized?

A

kidney

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10
Q

What situations prompt the synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A
  • anemia
  • low Hb
  • low blood volume (particularly RBF)
  • central hypoxia
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11
Q

What transcription factor is responsible for regulating synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)

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12
Q

How long is the life cycle of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days

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13
Q

Where does an erythrocyte go to “die” (aka rupture)?

A

red pulp of the spleen

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14
Q

How does the Hb from a ruptured RBC get “taken up”?

A

Hb is ingested immediately by macrophages

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15
Q

What happens to the heme from a ruptured RBC?

A

it gets converted and is excreted in the feces

  • biliverdin, bilirubin, urobilinogen, stercobilin
  • stercobilin makes feces brown
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16
Q

What happens to peptides released from ruptured erythrocytes in the spleen?

A

peptides get broken down into amino acids and are re-used in protein synthesis

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17
Q

What happens to the iron released from ruptured erythrocytes in the spleen?

A

-iron is bound to transferrin and taken to the liver

  • stored as ferritin
  • shipped to marrow for RBC production
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18
Q

What are the ways oxygen is transported in the blood?

A
  • dissolved

- bound to Hb (majority)

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19
Q

What are the ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?

A
  • dissolved
  • carbamino compounds
  • bound to an amine group other than heme
  • bicarbonate (majority)
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20
Q

What is a Haldane shift?

A

-the presence of oxygen reduces the affinity of the other amine groups for carbon dioxide

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21
Q

What enzyme converts carbon dioxide to bicarbonate plus a hydrogen ion?

A

carbonic anhydrase

22
Q

What ion helps export dissolved carbon dioxide from the blood?

A

chloride

Chloride Shift, aka Hamburger Shift

23
Q

What is the approximate volume of oxygen carried in the blood versus carbon dioxide?

A

20 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood

50 mL carbon dioxide per 100 mL blood

24
Q

What is the major form of oxygen in the blood?

A

bound to Hb

25
Q

What is the major form of carbon dioxide in the blood?

A

bicarbonate

26
Q

What is a normal amount of dissolved oxygen in the blood versus carbon dioxide?

A

0.3 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood

3 mL carbon dioxide per 100 mL blood

27
Q

What is a normal amt of Hb in the blood?

A

15 g per 100 mL blood

28
Q

How much oxygen can bind to 1 g of Hb?

A

1.34 mL

29
Q

What is a normal oxygen concentration in blood?

A

15 x 1.34 = 20.1

20.1 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood

30
Q

What does a L shift in the oxygen-dissociation curve represent?

A

-increased affinity of Hb for oxygen

31
Q

What are two conditions associated with a L shift of the oxygen-dissociation curve?

A

polycythemia

methemoglobinemia

32
Q

What does a R shift in the oxygen-dissociation curve represent?

A

-decreased affinity of Hb for oxygen

33
Q

What medical condition is associated with a R shift of the oxygen-dissociation curve?

A

anemia

34
Q

What parameters are increased in a R shift of the oxygen-dissociation curve?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • more acidic muslce
  • BPG
  • exercise
  • local temperature, metabolism
35
Q

Why are B12 (cobalamin) and B9 (folate) important for RBC production?

A

B12 and B9 are req’d for DNA synthesis

36
Q

Why is iron important for RBC production?

A

iron is req’d for Hb to bind oxygen

37
Q

True or False: erythrocytes have mitochondria

A

False

38
Q

Why do erythrocytes need ATP?

A
  • ATP is used to maintain iron in the ferrous (Fe2+) state

- w/o ATP, cells are exposed to oxidative damage

39
Q

How does iron-deficient anemia impact the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood?

A

-less Hb = less oxygen content

  • 15 g x 1.34 = 20.1 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood
  • 8 g x 1.34 = 10.72 mL oxygen per 100 mL blood
40
Q

What does percent saturation indicate when referring to Hb and oxygen?

A
  • what percentage of the Hb’s are bound to an oxygen

- thus, oxygen content of the blood can decrease d/t less Hb, while percent saturation doesn’t change!

41
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

iron overload

42
Q

What are some causes of hemochromatosis?

A
  • neonatal (unknown cause develops in utero)
  • primary (genetic)

-secondary (multiple blood transfusions, increased iron intake, ineffective erythropoiesis)

43
Q

What are some characteristics of primary polycythemia (genetic)?

A
  • low EPO
  • extra RBC’s
  • increased blood volume
  • increased viscosity
  • normal-ish cardiac output
44
Q

What are some characteristics of secondary polycythemia?

A
  • causes: hypoxia, neoplasms, cancer, kidney disease
  • increased EPO
  • extra RBC’s
  • abnormal cardiac output
45
Q

What are some characteristics of physiologic polycythemia?

A
  • high altitude adaptation
  • extra RBC’s
  • normal cardiac output
46
Q

What are the characteristics of methemoglobinemia?

A
  • increased met-Hb
  • iron is in the ferric (Fe3+) form
  • decreased oxygen availability to tissues
  • chocolate-colored blood
  • blue skin
47
Q

What is the equation to calculate arteriovenous (a-v) oxygen difference?

A

PaO2 going into a tissue
minus
PvO2 coming out of a tissue

48
Q

What is the arteriovenous oxygen difference used for?

A

-indicates oxygen consumption in a certain tissue

49
Q

What situations could have an increased arteriovenous oxygen difference?

A
  • exercise

- certain tissue types such as the kidney

50
Q

What does the respiratory quotient describe?

A

the relationship b/w amt of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced

51
Q

What factor changes the respiratory quotient?

A

the type of fuel being used by the body

  • glucose = 1.0
  • mixed fuels = 0.8
52
Q

What situations would cause the respiratory quotient to increase?

A

exercise

CardioPulmRenal Final (13 decks)

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