Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology Exam 3 Renal > Renal Alterations > Flashcards

Renal Alterations Flashcards

1
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

Amount of pressure needed to perfuse the kidneys.

Calculated off of the BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the minimum MAP to maintain normal kidney function?

A

70mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the normal range for MAP?

A

70-90mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) do?

A

Facilitates adequate reabsorption and waste removal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the normal GFR?

A

80-125 mL/min (180L/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the normal urine output?

A

0.5-1 mL/kg or 30-60mL/hr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do pre renal issues happen?

A

Before the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do intrarenal issues occur?

A

Inside the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do post renal issues occur?

A

After the kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the normal Urine Diagnostics?

A
  1. Color
  2. Turbidity
  3. ph
  4. Specific Gravity
  5. Blood
  6. Bacteria
  7. BUN and Creatinine
  8. Ketones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is normal urine color?

A

Amber-yellow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is normal urine turbidity?

A

Clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is normal urine pH?

A

4.6-8.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

If urine pH is closer to 8, what does that indicate?

A

Alkalinity which means bacteria is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is normal urine Specific Gravity?

A

1.0 - 1.02

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Do we expect to see blood in normal urine?

A

Negative for males

Possibly positive for females due to menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is bacteria represented in normal urine?

A

As a Yes/No instead of a value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do we do if bacteria is present in the urine?

A

Culture it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Specific Gravity?

A

The weight of urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When Specific Gravity is High, what does that mean?

A

Contains bacteria, glucose, protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When Specific Gravity is low, what does that mean?

A

The urine is dilute (clear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

BUN goes hand in hand with what?

A

Creatinine goes hand in hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

Blood, Urea, Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do we collect BUN and Creatinine?

A

Through a blood sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is BUN and Creatinine used to evaluate?

A

Normal kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does BUN measure?

A

Measures Urea in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is Urea made?

A

In the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the normal range of BUN?

A

10-20mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the critical value of BUN?

A

> 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the two markers of renal function?

A

BUN and Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Creatinine measures what?

A

Waste products of creatine in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the normal range for Creatinine?

A

0.5-1.1 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Creatinine Clearance?

A

How much creatinine the kidneys produce in a 24 hr period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the process for obtaining Creatinine Clearance

A

Obtain a red basin and place it in ice in order to slow bacterial growth and decrease odors. We skip the first void but collect every void afterwards, including the last one.

35
Q

What happens if we miss a void in the 24 hr Urine Process?

A

We must start over

36
Q

What is a Hydroureter?

A

Dilation of one of the ureters filled with urine.

37
Q

Is Hydroureter pre, intra, or post renal?

A

Hydroureter is post renal

38
Q

What is the Patho for a Hydroureter?

A

Accumulation of urine in the ureter due to a blockage.

39
Q

What is Hydronephrosis?

A

Dilation of a kidney

AKA Renal Pelvis and Calysis

40
Q

How do we usually find Hydronephrosis?

A

With an X-ray (KUB)

41
Q

Is Hydronephrosis pre, intra, or post renal?

A

Hydronephrosis is intra-renal

42
Q

What is the Patho for Hydronephrosis?

A

Enlargement of the renal pelvis and calyces

43
Q

What is Post-Obstructive Diuresis?

A

A brief period of diuresis after obstruction relief in a kidney.

44
Q

What is the Patho for Post-Obstructive Diuresis?

A

Large amounts of waste excreted once an obstruction in the kidneys is relieved. Restores electrolyte and fluid balance.

45
Q

What are the risk factors for Renal Stones?

A
  1. Fluid intake***
  2. Diet***
  3. Age
  4. Gender
  5. Race
  6. Geographic location
  7. Seasonal factors
  8. Occupation
46
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Renal Stones?

A
  1. Moderate to sever pain in the flank area that radiate to the groin (mostly men)
  2. Colic pain
  3. Urine Urgency
  4. Frequent voiding
  5. Urge incontinance
47
Q

What is colic pain?

A

Pain associated with Renal Stones and it is described as ‘‘achy’’ and ‘‘uncomfortable’’.

48
Q

How do we evaluate Renal Stones?

A
  1. Stone and UA analysis
  2. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
  3. KUB x-ray
  4. Spiral Abdominal CT
49
Q

What is a UTI?

A

Inflammation of the urinary epithelium from a pathogen.

50
Q

What is the most common bacteria that causes a UTI?

A

Escherichia coli is the most common cause

51
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms for young adults with a UTI?

A
  1. Dysuria
  2. Frequency
  3. Suprapubic and LBP
  4. Odiferous urine
  5. Cloudy urine
52
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms for elderly people with a UTI?

A
  1. Confusion

2. Abdominal discomfort

53
Q

What is an Uncomplicated UTI?

A

A first infection found in a healthy individual, mostly women.

54
Q

What is a Complicated UTI?

A

An infection that develops in someone with an abnormal urinary tract or someone who lives with some type of immunocompromise.

55
Q

What is a Recurring UTI?

A

An initial infection that was successfully treated but is reinfected with 5-10 days afterward.

56
Q

What is a Persistent UTI?

A

A persistent infection despite 3 days of treatment.

57
Q

What is Cystitis?

A

Inflammation of the bladder.

58
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis?

A
  1. Frequency
  2. Dysuria
  3. Urgency
  4. Lower abdominal pain
  5. Suprapubic pain
59
Q

What is Interstitial Cystitis?

A

An unpleasant sensation perceived to be related to the urinary bladder.

60
Q

Who is the most common to suffer from interstitial cystitis?

A

Women are the most common

61
Q

What is Interstitial Cystitis caused by?

A

Uknown but an autoimmune reaction may be responsible

62
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis?

A
  1. Bladder fullness
  2. Frequency
  3. Small urine volume
  4. Chronic pelvic pain
63
Q

What is Pyelonephritis?

A

Infection of the renal pelvis and interstitium. Can be in one or both kidneys.

64
Q

What causes Acute Pyelonephritis?

A
  1. Female sex trauma
  2. Kidney stones
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Reflux (due to the chronic acidity of blood)
  5. Neurogenic Bladder
  6. E. coli
65
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Acute Pyelonephritis?

A
  1. Acute onset
  2. Fever
  3. Chills
  4. Flank/groin pain
  5. Frequency
  6. Dysuria
  7. Costovertebral tenderness
66
Q

Is Pyelonephritis pre, intra, or post renal?

A

Intra-renal

67
Q

What is Chronic Pyelonephritis caused by?

A

Unknown but it can be linked to persistent infections because of scarring.

68
Q

What are the EARLY symptoms of Chronic Pyelonephritis?

A
  1. HTN
  2. Frequency
  3. Dysuria
  4. Flank pain
69
Q

What are the late symptoms of Chronic Pyelonephritis?

A
  1. Renal failure
70
Q

What is glomerulonephritis?

A

Inflammation of the glomerulus.

71
Q

What causes glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. Immunocompromise
  2. Hypotension
  3. MAP<70
  4. Drugs and toxins
72
Q

Is glomerulonephritis pre, intra,post renal

A

Intrarenal

73
Q

What is the peak of Mycin drugs?

A

6-12 hours after the drugs is given, it is the height of the drug in the blood.

74
Q

What is the trough of mycin drugs?

A

The trough is the amount of drug left over right before the next dose.

75
Q

What causes Acute Glomerulonephritis?

A

Streptococcal infection

76
Q

How many days after infection does Acute Glomerulonephritis happen?

A

7-10 days.

77
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. Hematuria
  2. RBC Casts
  3. Proteinuria
  4. Decreased GFR
  5. Oliguria
  6. HTN
  7. Edema of lower extremities and eyes
78
Q

What causes Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

A

Several conditions and it is associated with hypercholesterolemia and proteinuria.

79
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

A
  1. Hematuria

2. Proteinuria

80
Q

What is Acute Renal Failure?

A

Sudden decline in renal function

81
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure?

A
  1. Elevated BUN and Creatinine
  2. Oliguria- may be normal though, depends on how long the patient has had it
  3. Most types are reversible if treated early
82
Q

What is Chronic Renal Failure?

A

Progressive and irreversible loss of nephrons.

83
Q

What is Uremia?

A

High level of Urea in the blood.

Pathophysiology Exam 3 Renal (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions