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Pathophysiology Exam 3 Renal > GI Alterations > Flashcards

GI Alterations Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anorexia?

A

A lack of a desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger.

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2
Q

What lab value will be low with Anorexia?

A

Albumin

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3
Q

What is vomiting?

A

The forceful emptying of the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth.

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4
Q

What is Nausea?

A

The most common subjective experience that is associated with a number of conditions.

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5
Q

What are the two most common Signs and Symptoms of nausea?

A
  1. Hyper-salivation

2. Tachycardia

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6
Q

What is Retching?

A

A type of vomiting, Dry Heaving.

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7
Q

What is projective vomiting?

A

Spontaneous vomiting that does not follow nausea or retching caused by neurologic issues.

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8
Q

What two things are the most common causes of projective vomiting?

A
  1. Brain stem lesions

2. Gi Obstruction

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9
Q

What is the most common symptom of GI disorders?

A

Abdominal pain

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10
Q

What is constipation?

A

Infrequent or difficult defecation

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11
Q

What are the reasons for constipation?

A
  1. Neurogenic disorders
  2. Function or Mechanical conditions
  3. Low-residue diet
  4. Sedentary lifestyle
  5. Excessive use of antacids
  6. Change in bowel habits
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12
Q

What is Hematemesis?

A

Bloody vomitus that appears bright red or coffee ground.

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13
Q

What is Melena?

A

Black, sticky, tarry, foul-smelling stool caused by digestion of blood in the GI tract.

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14
Q

What is Hematochezia?

A

Fresh, bright red blood from the rectum.

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15
Q

What is Occult Bleeding?

A

Trace amounts of blood in normal-appearing stools or gastric secretions.

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16
Q

How do we detect Occult Bleeding?

A

Guaiac Test

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17
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

Difficulty swallowing.

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18
Q

Where does an Upper GI Bleed occur?

A
  1. Above the stomach
  2. Esophagus
  3. Duodenum
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19
Q

What color is the blood in an Upper GI Bleed?

A

Bright Red

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20
Q

Where do Lower GI Bleeds occur?

A
  1. Below the ligament of Treitz
  2. Bleeding from the Jejunum
  3. Bleeding from the Ileum
  4. Bleeding from the Colon
  5. Bleeding from the Rectum
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21
Q

What does most of the Lower GI Blood look like?

A

Coffee grounds or dark burgundy

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22
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of GI Bleeds?

A
  1. Abdominal Pain
  2. Distention
  3. Cramping
  4. Hyperactive bowel sounds
  5. Increased pulse
  6. Tachypnea
  7. Hypotension
  8. Pallor
  9. Increased skin turgor
  10. Decreased urine output
  11. Hypovolemia
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23
Q

What is Achalasia?

A
  1. Denervation of smooth muscle in the esophagus and lower esophageal sphincter relaxation.
  2. Loss of esophageal peristalsis and failure of lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax.
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24
Q

What does GER stand for?

A

Gastro Esophageal Reflux

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25
Q

What is GER?

A

Reflux of chyme from the stomach to the esophagus.

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26
Q

What are the risk factors for GERD?

A

Conditions that increase abdominal pressure.

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27
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of GERD?

A
  1. Heartburn
  2. Regurgitation of Chyme
  3. Upper Abdominal pain within 1 hr of eating
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28
Q

What is a Hiatal Hernia?

A

A protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm into the thorax.

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29
Q

What are the two types of Hiatal Hernia?

A
  1. Sliding

2. Paraesophageal

30
Q

What is the most common type of Hiatal Hernia?

31
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of a Sliding Hiatal Hernia?

A

Asymptomatic

32
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of a Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia?

A
  1. GER
  2. Dysphagia
  3. Heartburn
  4. Epigastric pain
33
Q

What is a Pyloric Obstruction?

A

Blocking or narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum.

34
Q

What causes Pyloric Obstructions?

A
  1. Peptic ulcer disease

2. Carcinoma near pylorus

35
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Pyloric Obstructions?

A
  1. Vague
  2. Nausea
  3. Epigastric Pain
  4. Anorexia
  5. Weight Loss
  6. Vomiting***
  7. Infrequent Small Stools***
  8. Prolonged: Malnutrition, dehydration, debilitation
36
Q

What is an intestinal obstruction or ileus

A

Any condition that prevents the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen. Failure of normal intestinal motility in the absence of an obstruction lesion.

37
Q

What is a Intussusception?

A

Telescoping of the colon

38
Q

Who most commonly has a Intussusception?

39
Q

What is a Volvulus?

A

Twisting of the colon.

40
Q

What is Paralytic Ileus?

A

A mechanical blockage

41
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Paralytic Ileus?

A
  1. Malodorous vomit with fecal smell.
  2. Loss of electrolytes
  3. Hypovolemia
  4. Abdominal Distention
  5. Constipation
  6. Constipation with failure to pass flatus
  7. Increased bowel sounds.
42
Q

What do the bowel sounds of Paralytic Ileus sound like?

A
  1. High pitched at first

2. Then silent.

43
Q

Do we feed a silent abdomen?

A

NEVER, because the gut isn’t working.

44
Q

What is an adhesion?

A

Scar tissue formation that narrow the pathway and ‘‘bunch up’’ the colon. Which can block off part of the colon and some of the pathway inside.

45
Q

What is gastritis?

A

An inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa (gut).

46
Q

What does acute gastritis do?

A

Erodes surface epithelium.

47
Q

What does chronic gastritis do?

A

Thins and degenerates the stomach wall.

48
Q

Who gets chronic gastritis.

A

Elderly folk.

49
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Gastritis?

A
  1. Vague
  2. Anorexia
  3. Fullness
  4. Nausea
  5. Vomiting
  6. Epigastric Pain
  7. Gastric Bleeding
50
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

A break or ulceration in the protective or mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach, or duodenum.

51
Q

What are the risk factors of Peptic Ulcer Disease?

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Age
  3. Habitual NSAIDS
  4. Alcohol
  5. Emphysema
  6. Rheumatoid Arthritis
  7. Cirrhosis
  8. Diabetes
  9. H.Pylori
52
Q

What is the most common Peptic Ulcer?

A

Duodenal Ulcer

53
Q

What is the major causes of duodenal ulcers?

A
  1. H. Pylori

2. Chronic NSAID use

54
Q

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

A

A chronic inflammation disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa.

55
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?

A
  1. Intermittent remission and exacerbation
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Bloody stools
  4. Continuous cramping
  5. Urgency
  6. Dehydration
  7. Weight Loss
  8. Anemia
  9. Fever
56
Q

How many stools per day would someone with Ulcerative Colitis

A

10-20 stools/day

57
Q

What is Chron Disease?

A

Inflammatory disease of the large and small intestine

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Chronic Disease?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Occasional colonic bleeding
  3. Weight loss
  4. Lower abdominal pain
59
Q

What is Diverticular Disease?

A

Herniations of mucosa through the muscle layers of the colon wall, especially the sigmoid.

60
Q

What are the two types of Diverticular Disease?

A
  1. Diverticulosis
61
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

Asymptomatic diverticular disease.

62
Q

Is Diverticulosis chronic or acute?

63
Q

What is Diverticulitis?

A

The inflammatory stage of diverticulosis.

64
Q

Is Diverticulitis chronic or acute?

65
Q

Where do Gastric Ulcers develop?

A

Develop in the astral region of the stomach, adjacent to the acid secretion mucosa of the body.

66
Q

What are the Signs and Symptoms of Gastric Ulcers?

A
  1. Pain-food-relief
  2. Anorexia
  3. Vomiting
  4. Weight Loss
67
Q

What are the stress ulcer types?

A
  1. Ischemic
  2. Curling
  3. Cushing
68
Q

Ischemic ulcers are due to?

A

Low volume

69
Q

Curling Ulcers are due to

70
Q

Cushing ulcers are due to

A

Severe heath trauma/ brain surgery.

Pathophysiology Exam 3 Renal (3 decks)

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