Renal

Question 1

Increased urine output

Answer 1

> 3L/day

Question 2

Proteinuria

Answer 2

> 3.5gm/24hrs

Question 3

Normal GFR

Answer 3

120ml/min

Question 4

Amount of CO that goes to the kidneys

Answer 4

20%

Question 5

AKI definition

Answer 5

Sudden impairment of kidney function resulting in retention of nitrogenous and other waste products normally cleared by the kidneys

Question 6

AKI definition values

Answer 6

• Rise in serum creatinine by 0.3mg/dL in 48hrs
• Rise in serum creatinine by 50% (1.5x) from baseline in 7 days
• Decrement in urine output to <0.5ml/kg/hr for >6hrs

Question 7

Pretense causes of AKI

Answer 7

Hypovolemia
Decreased cardiac output
Decreased circulating volume
Impaired renal auto-regulation

Question 8

Most common cause of intrinsic renal injury

Answer 8

ATN (acute tubular necrosis)

Question 9

Intrinsic AKL

Answer 9

Glomerular
Tubulointerstitial
Vascular

Question 10

Tubulointerstitial AKI

Answer 10

Septic
Nephrotoxic
Ischemic

Question 11

Vascular

Answer 11

TTP/HUS
Malignant hypertension
Vasculits

Question 12

Acute tubular necrosis is

Answer 12

Damage of the tubules as a result of either ischemia, infection or toxins

Question 13

Nephrotoxic AKI

Answer 13

Iodinated contrast agents
Antibiotics (amphotericin B and aminoglycosides)
Myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis)
Hemoglobin (hemolysis) 
Utica acid (tumor lysis)

Question 14

Most common type of AKI

Answer 14

Pre renal

Question 15

Least common type of AKI

Answer 15

Post renal

Question 16

Pre renal azotemia characteristics

Answer 16

• Low fractions excretion of sodium (<1%)
• High urine osmolality (>500 mOsm/kg)

Question 17

CKD definition KDIGO 2012

Answer 17

GFR <60 ml/min/1.73m2 for >/= 3 months or evidence of kidney damage (signs and symptoms) with implications for health.

Question 18

Kidney failure / ESRD is defined as

Answer 18

GFR <15 ml/min/1.73m2

Question 19

Normal GFR

Answer 19

125 ml/min/1.73m2

Question 20

Markers of kidney damage

Answer 20

• Albuminuria
• Urine sediment abnormalities
• Electrolyte and other abnormalities due to tubular disorders
• Pathological abnormalities detected by histology or inferred
• Structural abnormalities detected by imaging
• History of kidney transplantation