Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 4 > renal > Flashcards

renal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of UTI based on location

A

cystitis and pyelonephritis (lower and upper UTI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are common pathogens causing UTIs

A

e coli
klebsiella
pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a complicated UTI

A

UTI in a patient where there is increased risk of treatment failure, eg diabetes, pregnancy, indwelling catheter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are risks for UTI

A
  • retention + urinary stasis
  • catheter
  • BPH
  • female sex
  • sexual intercourse
  • GU anatomical abnormalities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the usual treatment for UTIs

A

Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim or amoxicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When is nitrofurantoin contraindicated

A

pregnancy or renal impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are UTIs diagnosed

A
  • history with symptoms and signs
  • leukocytes and nitrites on dipstick
  • bacteruria on urinalysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What should you do if the patient is asymptomatic but has bacteruria

A

No treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are symptoms of cystitis

A
  • pain passing urine
  • urinary frequency
  • haematuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are symptoms of pyelonephritis

A
  • fever
  • chills
  • nausea and vomiting
  • flank pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What examinations should you do if you suspect UTI

A
  • abdo exam - look for suprapubic tenderness, ballot the kidneys, check for bladder fullness
  • pelvic exam if vaginitis/cervicitis suspected
  • PR exam if prostatitis/BPH suspected
  • obs for signs of sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some causes of urinary retention

A
  • faecal impaction
  • prostate enlargement
  • pregnancy
  • malignancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What should you do if there is catheter associated infection

A

remove catheter or replace it and give antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What defines acute kidney injury

A
  • raise in serum creatinine within days or hours

* oliguria/anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the scoring system used for AKI? How many types are there

A

KDIGO

3 stages of AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the types of AKI

A

pre-renal, intra-renal, post-renal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are causes of pre-renal AKI

A
  • hypoperfusion - hypovolaemia, sepsis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are causes of intra-renal AKI

A
  • glomerular (glomerulonephritis eg immune complex Ig A nephropathy)
  • interstitial (infiltration, interstitial nerphritis)
  • vascular (vasculitis, thrombus)
  • tubular (acute tubular necrosis - ischaemia or nephrotoxic drugs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are causes of post-renal AKI

A

Obstruction

  • prostate enlargement
  • malignancy
  • stones
  • pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What investigations should you order for AKI

A
  • U+Es, FBC, LFTs, coag, blood film
  • ABG if acidotic
  • urine dipstick + urinalysis
  • renal USS
  • CT KUB
  • PSA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the complications of AKI

A
  • hyperkalaemia
  • acidosis
  • fluid overload
  • uraemia (encephalopathy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is AKI treated

A
  • stop any nephrotoxic drugs
  • treat any underlying cause
  • fluid monitoring
  • cardiac monitoring
  • IV insulin + calcium gluconate for hyperkalaemia
  • IV furosemide for fluid overload
  • PO sodium bicarbonate if acidotic
  • dialysis if uraemic or acidotic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is chronic kidney disease

A

impaired kidney function with reduced eGFR for >3 months due to abnormal structure or function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the stages of CKD

A

5 stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What eGFR is CKD stage 5

A

<15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are causes of CKD

A
  • diabetes
  • HTN
  • glomerulonephritis (eg IgA nephropathy)
  • pyelonephritis or reflux nephropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are complications of CKD

A
  • anaemia
  • IDA
  • hyperkalaemia
  • hyperphosphataemia
  • hypocalcaemia
  • HTN
  • secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • uraemia (eg uraemic encephalopathy)
  • acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What medications can be given for CKD

A
  • statins (hyperlipidaemia)
  • ACE/ARB (HTN)
  • EPO injections
  • oral/IV iron
  • furosemide (overload + hyperkalaemia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the types of renal replacement therapy

A
  • haemodialysis
  • peritoneal dialysis
  • renal transplant
30
Q

What tests would you order for suspected CKD

A
  • U+Es
  • LFTs
  • FBCs
  • coag
  • blood film
  • Phosphate
  • ABG
  • bone profile
  • urine dipstick
  • USS to look at size and morphology
  • consider biopsy
31
Q

What type of anaemia does CKD produce

A

normocytic

32
Q

What is the main cause of death for CKD patients

A

cardiovascular disease

33
Q

What are the two classes of glomerulonephritis

A

nephritic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome

34
Q

describe nephrotic syndrome

A
  • proteinuria
  • oedema
  • hypercoagulability
  • hypocalcaemia
  • increased infection
  • hyperlipidaemia
35
Q

How might someone with nephrotic syndrome present

A
  • periorbital and peripheral oedema
  • frothy urine
  • thrombi
  • infections
36
Q

What are some primary causes of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • minimal change disease
  • focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
  • glomerular nephropathy
37
Q

Which type of nephrotic syndrome is common in children

A

minimal change disease

38
Q

What are some secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome

A
  • diabetes
  • SLE
  • amyloidosis
39
Q

What is important in the history when considering minimal change disease?

A

recent infection

40
Q

What is nephritic syndrome

A

inflammatory damage in the glomerular basement membrane

41
Q

What would a patient with nephritic syndrome present with

A
  • haematuria
  • proteinuria
  • peripheral and periorbital oedema
  • HTN
  • oliguria
42
Q

What are types of primary nephritic syndrome

A
  • IgA nephropathy
  • membranoproliferative glomerulonephitis
  • Alport’s
43
Q

What is IgA nephropathy

A

IgA complexes deposit in the glomerulus causing inflammation and damage
Often patients will have episodic presentation

44
Q

What is Alport’s syndrome

A

collagen disorder causing thinning and breaking of the GBM

45
Q

What is membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

A

immune complexes deposit and thickening of the GBM

46
Q

What are secondary causes of nephritic syndrome

A
  • SLE
  • post streptococcal GN
  • Anti-GBM disease
47
Q

What is Anti-GBM disease also called? What other organ may be disfunctional

A

Goodpasture’s

Lung

48
Q

What is post-streptococcal GN?

A

IgA form complexes with strep antigens and deposit in the glomerulus

49
Q

What is Henoch-Scholein purpura

A

A variant of IgA nephropathy causing small vessel vasculitis

50
Q

How is glomerulonephritis treated?

A
  • treat underlying cause
  • ACE/ARB for HTN
  • statins for hyperlipidaemia
  • RRT may be required
51
Q

What are some congenital diseases of the kidney

A
  • ADPKD
  • ARPKD
  • medullary cystic disease
  • Alport’s syndrome
  • horseshoe kidney
  • renal agenesis
52
Q

What happens in utero if the kidneys do not properly develop

A

Potter’s sequence

  • oligohydramnios causes
  • pulmonary hypoplasia
  • renal failure
  • wrinnkly skin
  • clubbed feet
  • facial features
  • flat ears
  • may be incompatible with life
53
Q

What is the main cause of death due to Potter’s sequence

A

pulmonary hypoplasia

54
Q

What are the two forms of polycystic kidney disease

A

ADPKD

ARPKD

55
Q

What is ADPKD

A

autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

56
Q

Describe ADPKD

A
  • presents in adulthood
  • enlarged kidneys with cyst formation
  • may present with extra-renal symptoms
57
Q

What are the symptoms of ADPKD

A
  • haematuria
  • hypertension
  • flank pain
58
Q

What are some of the extra-renal symptoms of ADPKD

A
  • berry aneurysm
  • liver cysts
  • diverticulosis
  • mitral valve prolapse
  • ovarian cysts
59
Q

What age groups do the polycystic kidney diseases usually present at

A

ADPKD - adulthood

ARPKD - childhood /in utero - may cause Potter’s sequence

60
Q

What is treatment for ADPKD

A

ACE-i to manage BP and possibly dialysis/transplant

61
Q

What is medullary cystic kidney disease

A

disorder with tubular loss and medullary cyst formation

causes renal insufficiency and inability to concentrate urine, causing renal failure

62
Q

Is medullary cystic kidney disease more common in children or adults?

A

rare in adults

63
Q

What does medullary cystic kidney disease present with

A
  • shrunken kidneys
  • reduced abillity to concentrate urine
  • polyuria + polydipsia
  • failure to thrive
  • renal impairment -> renal failure
64
Q

What extra-renal symptom is classic in medullary cystic kidney disease

A

gout at a young age

65
Q

What is Alport syndrome

A

X-linked condition affecting type IV collagen which causes thin and broken GBM, causing glomerulonephritis and renal failure
Also causes deafness and ocular defects

66
Q

What is the treatment for Alport syndrome

A

as for CKD generally

BP control, diet changes, EPO, RRT

67
Q

What is horseshoe kidney

A

When the kidneys fuse in development and are lower down in the abdomen
This can be asymptomatic or may cause occlusion of the ureter or renal pelvis, and can also cause urinary stasis

68
Q

What is horsehoe kidney associated with

A
  • Turner syndrome
  • teratogens
  • trisomies
69
Q

What does bilateral renal agenesis present with

A

incompatible with lifeq

70
Q

What does unilateral renal agenesis cause

A
  • asymptomatic
  • renal hyperfiltration
  • renal failure

Year 4 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions