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Year 4 > Geriatrics > Flashcards

Geriatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What are common causes of falls

A
  • tripping
  • LOC/dizziness
  • postural hypotension
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2
Q

What should you examine for after a fall

A

causes
* evidence of cardiovascular disease, neurological deficits, MSK issues

consequences

  • neuro and MSK exam
  • fractures and bruises
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3
Q

What should you consider medication-wise after a fall

A
  • consider stopping anti-coagulation

* consider stopping any medications that may contribute to confusion

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4
Q

What elements of the MDT should be involved after a fall

A

PT + OT

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5
Q

In urinary incontinence, must carry out a rectal exam to rule out ___

A

in urinary incontinence, must carry out a rectal exam to rule out faecal impaction

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6
Q

what is the main cause of urinary incontinence in men?

A

prostatic enlargement

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7
Q

What are the three types of incontinence in women

A
  • functional incontinence
  • stress incontinence
  • urge incontinence
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8
Q

What is stress incontinence

A

leakage of urine due to incompetent sphincter

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9
Q

what are examples of stress incontinence

A

coughing, sneezing

commonly due to pelvic floor prolapse

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10
Q

What is urge incontinence

A

urge to pass urine is quickly followed by uncontrollable complete emptying of the bladder

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11
Q

What are some causes of urge incontinence

A
  • dementia
  • stroke
  • UTI
  • diabetes
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12
Q

What is delirium

A

acurte impaired cognition and impaired consciousness/awareness

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13
Q

What are some causes of delirium

A
  • infection
  • alcohol withdrawal
  • medications
  • metabolic disorder
  • stroke
  • head injury
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14
Q

How should delirium be managed

A
  • treat cause
  • minimise stimulation and maximise safety
  • sedate if safe and necessary
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15
Q

what are some types of dementia

A
  • korsakoff’s
  • alzheimer’s
  • vascular
  • fronto-temporal
  • lewy-body
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16
Q

what are risk factors for refeeding syndrome

A
  • BMI <16
  • low K, Mg, phosphate
  • weight loss >15% in last 3-6 months
  • little/no nutritional in last 5-10 days
  • alcohol/drug abuse
  • chemotherapy
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17
Q

What blood levels should be checked for refeeding syndrome

A

potassium
phosphate
magnesium

18
Q

what is refeeding syndrome

A

severe electrolyte and fluid shifts in malnourished patients

19
Q

What test needs to be done to assess a safe swallow

A

STOPPS test

20
Q

what kind of patient is suitable for enteral feeding

A

a patient with an accesible and functional GI tract

21
Q

what are the options for enteral feeding

A
  • nasogastric tube
  • nasoduodenal/jejunal tube
  • percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube
22
Q

what does PEG tube stand for

A

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube

23
Q

what medication might patients receiving enteral feeding require

A

motility agenst (eg metoclopramide) because of possible delayed gastric emptying

24
Q

what is given if enteral feeding is unsuitable

A

parenteral feeding (IV)

25
Q

Why would enteral feeding be unsuitable

A

non-functional/inaccessible/perforated GI tract

26
Q

How does osteoporosis present

A

usually with a fragility fracture

27
Q

what is a fragility fracture

A

a fracture sustained from a fall from standing height or less

28
Q

what are the three most common fragility fractures

A
  • vertebrae
  • neck of femur
  • distal radius
29
Q

What are risk factors for osteoporosis

A
  • female
  • post menopausal
  • age >60
  • malignancy
30
Q

What are cancers that have a particular affinity for bony mets

A
  • prostate
  • breast
  • liver
  • renal
  • thyroid
31
Q

What investigations should be done for osteoporosis

A
  • DEXA scan

* bone profile, PTH, calcium, vit D, FBC

32
Q

What DEXA score is diagnostic of osteoporosis

A

< -2.5

33
Q

What medical treatment can be given for osteoporosis

A
  • bisphosphonates
  • vit D + calcium
  • denosumab
34
Q

When would denosumab be given for osoteoporosis

A

for postmenopausal women at increased risk of fractures who cannot tolerate a bisphosphonate

35
Q

What information must be communicated to patients taking bisphosphonates

A

they must remain upright for at least 30 mins because it causes oesophagitis

36
Q

What non-pharmacological treatment can be given for osteoporosis

A
  • PT + OT
  • med recs
  • optimise hearing and vision
37
Q

What should you consider doing med recs in a patient with falls

A
  • drugs that increase confusion, analgesics, antihypertensives, antihistamines, drugs that cause dehydration
38
Q

What is the main contributing factor to pressure ulcer development

A

immobility

39
Q

What is treatment for pressure ulcers

A
  • barrier creams
  • repositioning
  • pressure redistribution (eg foam donuts)
  • antibiotics if neccessary
  • analgesia
  • debridement if neccessary
40
Q

What should you assess for in pressure ulcers when considering infection

A
  • sepsis
  • cellulitis
  • osteomyelitis

Year 4 (13 decks)

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