Renal Flashcards
What is a normal GFR?
100 mL/min
What is used to estimate RPF?
PAH clearance
What is a normal Na+ and K+ level in the blood?
Na+= 135-145 K+= 3.5-5
What is a normal BUN, Cr, and BUN/ Cr ratio?
BUN= 7-20 Cr= 0.6-1.2 BUN:Cr= 15:1
What is normal CO2, bicarbonate, and pH of the blood?
CO2= about 40 HCO3- = about 24 PH= 7.35-7.45
What is a normal level of albumin in the blood?
3.5-5.5
What does natriuresis mean?
Excretion of Na+ in the urine
What does “oliguria” mean?
Low urine output
Which germ layer do kidneys develop from in embryo?
The mesoderm
What are the 3 names for the stages of the developing kidney?
1) pronephros (degenerates)
2) mesonephros (degenerates)
3) metanephros (becomes adult kidney)
What does the ureteric bud form in embryo?
The collecting system (ureter, pelvises, calyces) and collecting duct
What does the metanephric mesenchyme form in embryo?
All parts of the nephron except the collecting duct (the ureteric bud forms this)
What is unilateral renal angenesis?
You don’t have 1 of your kidneys
The ureteric bud (which forms the collecting system and collecting duct) fails to form—> no signals sent to metanephric mesenchyme for it to differentiate (and form all the parts of the nephron except the CD)—> you get complete abscence of a kidney + ureter
What is multicystic dysplastic kidney?
When the ureteric bud forms, but does not send the signals to stimulate differentiation of the metanephric mesenchyme—> one kidney is unfunctional like a cyst
What is vesicoureteral reflux?
When there is backflow of urine from the bladder up to the kidneys. Results from abnormal insertion of the ureters into the bladder. (Associated with duplex ureters)
What is a duplex collecting system? What conditions is it associated with.
A congenital problem where the baby has 2 ureters on one side (and just 1 like normal on the other side). Due to bifurcation of the ureteric bud (which forms the ureters) before it enters the metanephric blastema.
Strongly associated with vesicoureteral reflux (backflow of urine from ureters up to kidneys) bc if the ureters form abnormally, they often insert abnormally. Also associated with urethral obstruction. Increases risk for UTIs.
Describe Potter syndrome.
Collection of symptoms due to dec amniotic fluid.
Baby has a kidney problem: autosomal recessive Polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), obstructive uropahty, bilateral renal agenesis (kidneys don’t form on either side), or chronic placental insufficiency—> not peeing—> dec amniotic fluid (oligohydraminos)—> smushed face, limb deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia (underdeveloped lungs bc baby swallows amniotic fluid to expand and further develop lungs) and death.
Mnemonic: “POTTER” Pulmonary hypoplasia, Oligohydramnios (trigger), Twisted face, Twisted skin, Extremity defects, Renal Failure (in utero).
What is posterior urethral valves?
Congenital defect in baby boys. A tissue flap obstructs urine outflow from the bladder—> urine builds up in the kidneys (hydronephrosis).
*this is the most common cause of bladder obstruction in male infants.
A baby boy has a bladder obstruction. What is the most likely cause?
Posterior Urethral Valves.
Congenital defect in baby boys. A tissue flap obstructs urine outflow from the bladder—> urine builds up in the kidneys (hydronephrosis).
*this is the most common cause of bladder obstruction in male infants.
What is “horseshoe kidney?”
When the inferior parts of the 2 kidneys are linked together—> kidneys cannot ascend in the pelvis like they normally do during development so they stay lower in the pelvis (they get stuck below the INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY).
Which congenital abnormality of the kidneys is associated with Turner syndrome?
Horseshoe kidney
What is the urachus?
Embryolical structure that connects the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus. This is obliterated at birth—> median umbilical ligament.
An adult has painless hematuria (common sign of bladder CA) and cancer is found at dome of bladder. Pathology shows it is adenocarcinoma. Where did this come from?
The embryological structure: the urachus.
Urachal remnants can lead to adenocarcinoma of the bladder
If the urachus fails to obliterate at birth, what will be seen?
Urine leaking from the belly button (bc the urachus connects the dome of the bladder to the umbilicus…normally goes away before birth and becomes the median umbilical ligament).