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Block 7 > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What class of drugs are great for treating both BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and HTN?

A

Alpha-1 blockers

Alpha-1 receptors such as Doxazosin, Prazosin, and Terasonin (sympathetic) will lead to urinary retention (you don’t want to pee in a fight or flight situation) and vaso/venoconstriction—> inc BP (again, think fight or flight). SO…blocking alpha-1 means peeing and dilating vessels—> dec BP. This is exactly what you want to treat BPH and HTN.

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2
Q

What class of drugs end in “-osin?” (Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin)

A

Alpha-1 blockers (selective to alpha-1 receptors)

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3
Q

What class of drugs end in “-lol”? (Acebutolol, Atenolol, Propranolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol,…)

A

Beta-blockers

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4
Q

What drug class ends in “-pril”?

A

ACE inhibitors

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5
Q

What drug class ends in “-sartan”?

A

ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)

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6
Q

Where are alpha-1 receptors found? What effects do they cause?

A

(Keep in mind they are sympathetic receptors, so fight or flight, and they work by Gq GPCRs)

BLOOD VESSELS—> vaso/venoconstriction (to inc BP)
EYE, PUPILLARY DILATOR MUSCLE—> constrict it to dilate the pupil
URINARY SPHINCTER—> constrict it so you don’t pee yourself

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7
Q

Where are alpha-2 receptors found? What effects do they cause?

A

(Keep in mind they are sympathetic receptors, so fight or flight. BUT, they work by Gi GPCRs, so they are inhibitory and go against the usual sympathetic NS effects)

SYMPATHETIC NEURONS—> increase re-uptake of NE neurotransmitter so that less NE is in the cleft—> dec sympathetic effects
EYE, AQUEOUS HUMOR—> decreases aqueous humor production
PANCREAS, ISLET CELLS—> decreases insulin
PLATELETS—> platelet aggregation (fighting infection, which is against the sympathetic NS that normally doesn’t have time for that in a fight/ flight situation)

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8
Q

Where are beta-1 receptors found? What effects do they cause?

A

(Keep in mind they are sympathetic receptors, so fight or flight, and they work by Gs GPCRs)

HEART—> increases HR and contractility (acts on pacemaker cells to inc speed of depolarization/ excitation from SA to AV node and acts on myocytes to stimulate stronger contraction by inc of cAMP)
KINDEY—> increases renin release (to inc BP)

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9
Q

Where are beta-2 receptors found? What effects do they cause?

A

(Keep in mind they are sympathetic receptors, so fight or flight, and they work by Gs GPCRs)

BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING MUSCLES—> vasodilation (to inc blood flow so you can run faster from that bear)
LUNGS—> bronchodilation (so you can breathe better in the fight or flight situation)
EYES, AQUEOUS HUMOR—> increases aqueous humor
PANCREAS—> increases insulin release (you want to bring in glucose into cells for energy to run faster)
UTERUS—> decreases uterine tone/ decreases contractions (you don’t have time to give birth when you’re running from a bear)

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10
Q

What effects do H1 and H2 receptors have when stimulated?

A

(Note Histamine receptor H1 works by Gq GPCR and H2 works by Gs GPCR)

H1–> mucus production, inc vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, pruritus (itch), pain (everything you normally think of with Histamine release/ allergy)

H2–> gastric acid secretion

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11
Q

What effects do V1 and V2 vasopressin (ADH) receptors have when stimulated?

A

(Note Vasopressin receptor V1 works by Gq GPCR and V2 works by Gs GPCR)

V1–> vasoconstriction (dec BP, inc blood flow)

V2–> increases water permeability and reabsorption (pushes more water into blood/ increases water retention) in CD (collecting duct) of kidney (the normal thing you think of with ADH!)

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12
Q

What class of drugs does Atropine belong to? In general, what effects does it have?

A

Atropine is a muscurinic antagonist (inhibits parasympathetic NS effects) so it has sympathetic NS effects (like dilation of the pupil, decreases secretions/ digestion)

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13
Q

Albuterol and Salmeterol. What class of drugs do they belong to? What receptors do they act on? What are they used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetics. Act on beta-2 (and beta-1 less so) to bronchodilate in asthma or COPD. (Because they do affect beta-1 too and beta-1 is in the heart, people that take these inhalers can get fast HR as a side effect.)

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14
Q

Dobutamine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Mainly acts on beta receptors (beta-2 > beta-1 > alpha). Mainly inc HR and contractility so can use for stress testing and HF.

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15
Q

Dopamine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on (and how does dosing affect this)? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Acts on all receptors (not just dopamine receptors!) (D1 and D2 > beta > alpha). More beta effects at LOW doses (will inc HR, so can use it to treat bradycardia). More alpha effects at HIGH does (will vasoconstrict—> inc BP, so can use it to treat shock).

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16
Q

Epinephrine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on (and how does dosing affect this)? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Acts on beta and alpha receptors (beta > alpha). More beta effects at LOW doses. More alpha effects at HIGH does. Use to treat anaphylaxis and asthma (bronchodilation to open up airways), open angle glaucoma.

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17
Q

Fenoldopam. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetics drug. Acts on D1 dopamine receptor. Use for post-op hypertension and HTN crisis (vasodilates).

*it promotes natriuresis (peeing out Na+) due to vasodilation of renal arteries—> improved renal blood flow. Can cause hypotension and tachy.

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18
Q

Isoproterenol. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Acts on beta receptors (both beta-1 and beta-2 equally). Use for tachy arrhythmias (beta receptors, when stimulated, have effects on the heart that help with correcting this arrhythmia). *can worsen ischemia

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19
Q

Midodrine . What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Acts on alpha-1 receptors. Can use for hypotension (bc alpha-1–> vasoconstriction—> inc BP).

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20
Q

Norepinephrine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Mainly acts on alpha-1, but also on alpha-2 and beta-1 (alpha-1 > alpha-2 > beta-1). Used to treat hypotension and septic shock (alpha-1 vasoconstricts—> inc BP).

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21
Q

Phenylephrine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Direct sympathomimetic drug. Acts on alpha receptors (alpha-1 > alpha-2). Use to treat hypotension (alpha-1 vasoconstricts—> inc BP), for ocular procedures (alpha-1 dilates pupil), and rhinitis (vasoconstriction= decongestant bc when you’re congested that means vessels in the nose are vasodilated).

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22
Q

Amphetamine (like Adderall). What class of drugs does it belong to? What is it used for?

A 
Indirect sympathomimetics (inhibits NE re-uptake—> inc NE in synaptic cleft, so kinda like giving NE). Used for narcolepsy (people who are constantly falling asleep), obesity, and ADHD (due to CNS effects). 
Suppresses appetite and keeps you awake...”people on this drug don’t eat and don’t sleep”
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23
Q

Ephedrine (Sudafed). What class of drugs does it belong to? What is it used for?

A

Indirect sympathomimetics (inhibits NE re-uptake—> inc NE in synaptic cleft, so kinda like giving NE). Used for nasal decongestion (vasoconstricts, which is good bc congestion is due to vasodilation of vessels), urinary incontinence, hypotension (inc BP).

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24
Q

Clonidine and guanfacine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Sympatholytics aka alpha-2 agonists (stimulate alpha-2 receptors—> decreases sympathetic effects). Used for HTN urgency (vasodilation—> dec BP), ADHD (due to unknown CNS effects), and Tourette syndrome (also due to CNS effects).

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25
Q

Alpha-methyldopa. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Sympatholytics aka alpha-2 agonists (stimulate alpha-2 receptors—> decreases sympathetic effects). Used to treat HTN in pregnancy (vasodilation—> dec BP). *can cause lupus-like syndrome.

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26
Q

Phenoxybenzamine and Phentolamine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

They are alpha-blockers. They are nonselective (act on both alpha 1 and 2). Phenoxybenzamine causes irreversible effects, while Phentolamine causes reversible effects. Use to prevent hypertensive crisis (alpha-1 will vasoconstrict—> inc BP. Since you are blocking alpha, you get vasodilation—> dec BP, which is good to treat HTN).

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27
Q

Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin. What class of drugs do they belong to? What receptors do they act on? What are they used for?

A

Alpha-1 selective blockers (antagonists). Use to treat BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and HTN (alpha-1 will vasoconstrict—> inc BP and will retain urine, so blocking this will dec BP and help you pee).

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28
Q

Drugs that end with “-osin” belong to what class? What 2 conditions are they good for treating?

A

Alpha-1 selective blockers (antagonists). Use to treat BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia) and HTN (alpha-1 will vasoconstrict—> inc BP and will retain urine, so blocking this will dec BP and help you pee).

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29
Q

Mirtazapine. What class of drugs does it belong to? What receptors does it act on? What is it used for?

A

Alpha-2 selective blocker (antagonist). Use to treat depression (alpha-2 remember inc re-uptake of NE in neurons, so it dec NE in synaptic cleft and basically goes against the sympathetic NS. So if you block alpha-2 you get sympathetic effects. Think of the sympathetic NS as making you energetic to survive that fight or flight situation, while the parasympathetic NS is when you are resting on the couch all depressed. So inc sympathetic effects can help with depression).

30
Q

Why are beta-blockers helpful to give in early stages of CHF, but not in late-stage CHF?

A

Early stage CHF= hypertrophic cardiomyopathy/ diastolic dysfunction (filling problem)—> a beta-blocker (dec HR, dec contractility) will help by dec HR so there’s less work on the heart and less oxygen demand and this allows for more filling time to help with the filling problem. Also helps reduce adverse effects of catecholamines on the heart overtime (protects the heart from excess circulating catecholamines—> slows process of cardiac remodeling to end-stage CHF).

Late stage CHF= dilated cardiomyopathy/ systolic dysfunction (pumping problem)—> a beta-blocker (dec HR, dec contractility) will worsen the condition bc dec contractility= dec pumping ability and you have a pumping problem at this stage.

31
Q

What is an undesirable side effect for men taking beta-blockers?

A

Erectile dysfunction.

32
Q

Why are beta-blockers (esp those that inhibit beta-2) not a great idea to give asthma or COPD patients?

A

Beta-2 (sympathetic receptor)—> bronchodilation (opens up airways so you can breathe better in a fight or flight situation). If you inhibit this you get bronchoconstriction (tightening up of the airways, making their symptoms worse!).

33
Q

How can beta-blockers help with HTN?

A

Beta-1 increases renin release—> inc BP. If you block that, you dec renin release, and therefore dec BP.

34
Q

What are the side effects of beta-blockers?

A

Erectile dysfunction in men, cardiovascular affects since they mess with the heart (bradycardia if dec HR too much, AV block, HF), CNS problems (seizures, sedation, sleep alteration), dyslipidemia (in the case of metoprolol), and asthma/ COPD exacerbations (beta-2 bronchodilates, so blocking it will bronchoconstrict/ close up the airways).

35
Q

What can we use beta-blockers to treat? (got 8 things listed)

A
  1. Angina (blocking beta-1 will dec HR—> less work on the heart—> dec O2 demand)
  2. MI (blocking beta-1 will dec HR—> less work on the heart—> dec O2 demand)
  3. Supraventricular tachycardia (Metoprolol and Esmolol are class II antiarrythmics that slow AV conduction)
  4. HTN (blocking beta-1 will dec renin release—> dec BP)
  5. HF (in diastolic dysfunction, beta blockers help by blocking beta-1–> dec HR—> less work on the heart, more time for it to fill, and protection against circulating catecholamines that would otherwise promote cardiac remodeling to dilated cardiomyopathy/ systolic dysfunction)
  6. Glaucoma (Timolol blocks beta-2 and will dec aqueous humor—> dec pressure in eye)
  7. Variceal bleeding (Nadolol and Propranolol block beta-1 and dec BP/ portal HTN)
  8. Other: thyroid storm (like in Graves dz), migraines, tremor
36
Q

What beta-blocker is used to treat glaucoma?

A

Timolol

37
Q

Which beta-blockers (2) are used to treat supraventricular tachycardia?

A

Metoprolol and Esmolol

38
Q

Explain how beta-blockers help with angina and MI.

A

Blocking beta-1 will dec HR—> less work on the heart—> dec O2 demand

39
Q

Explain how beta-blockers can help with heart failure.

A

In diastolic dysfunction, beta blockers help by blocking beta-1–> dec HR—> less work on the heart, more time for it to fill, and protection against circulating catecholamines that would otherwise promote cardiac remodeling to dilated cardiomyopathy/ systolic dysfunction.

**you don’t want to prescribe beta-blockers to patients in late CHF/ dilated cardiomyopathy/ systolic dysfunction bc that’s a pumping (not filling) problem and beta blockers dec contractility and will therefore make the pumping problem worse.

40
Q

Explain how beta-blockers can help with HTN.

A

Blocking beta-1 will dec renin release—> dec BP

41
Q

Explain how the beta-blocker Timolol will help with glaucoma.

A

Timolol blocks beta-2 and will dec aqueous humor—> dec pressure in eye

42
Q

You are treating a cocaine addict who is high and tachycardic. Why can’t you give the patient a beta-blocker to slow their HR?

A

Cocaine is a indirect sympathomimetic drug (in inhibits NE reuptake into the neuron—> increases NE in the synaptic cleft—> so basically, it’s like giving a bunch of NE and will cause sympathetic effects). Cocaine can acts on both beta and alpha receptors. If you give a beta-blocker, that cocaine now can only act on the alpha receptors (“unopposed alpha-1 activation”)—> lots of vasoconstriction—> extreme HTN.

43
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Acebutolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

BETA-1 SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

44
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Nadolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

45
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Carvedilol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

NONSELECTIVE ALPHA AND BETA ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

46
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Labetalol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

NONSELECTIVE ALPHA AND BETA ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

47
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Betaxolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

BETA-1 SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

48
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Propanolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

49
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Metoprolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

BETA-1 SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

50
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Nadolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

51
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Timolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

NONSELECTIVE BETA ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

52
Q

What type of beta-blocker is Esmolol? (Beta-1 selective antagonist, nonselective beta antagonist, or nonselective alpha and beta antagonist)

A

BETA-1 SELECTIVE ANTAGONIST

REMEMBER:
Beta-1 selective blockers (act on beta-1 > beta-2) start with letters A-M.

Nonselective beta blockers (act on beta-1 and 2 equally) start with letters N-Z.

Nonselective alpha and beta blockers (block both beta and alpha receptors) have modified suffixes other than the usual -“olol” —these are carvedilol (-ilol) and labetalol (-alol).

53
Q

What class of drugs end in “-odipine” (like amlodipine, nifedipine)?

A

Ca2+ channel blockers, specifically dihydropyridines (the ones that vasodilate more than they dec contractility)

54
Q

What class of drugs do Diltiazem and Verapamil belong to?

A

Ca2+ channel blockers, specifically non-dihydrophyridines (the ones that mainly dec contractility more than they vasodilate)
*remember from sketchy the calciYUM ice cream: “non-dairy non-dihydrophyridines” with “Diltiazem dark chocolate” and “very vanilla Verapamil”

55
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Quinidine, Procainamide, Disopyramide

A

Class 1A

From sketchy:
Quinidine- “dining prom queen”
Procainamid- “prom king”
Disopyramind- “prom queen DISAPPEARS”

56
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Lidocaine, Mexiletine

A

Class 1B

From Sketchy:
Lidocaine- “you lied”
Mexiletine- “Mexican flag”
*Phenytoin- “friendly towing man”

57
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Flecanide, Profenone

A

Class 1C

From Sketchy:
Flecanide- “breakfast flakes”
Profenone- “purple phone”

58
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Metoprolol, propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, timolol, and carvedilol

A

Class II (beta-blockers)

End in -“lol”

59
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Amiodarone, Ibutilide, Dofetilide, Sotalol

A

Class III (K+ channel blockers)

From Sketchy:
Amiodarone- “amigo”
Ibutilide and Dofetilide- “till I die ending”
Sotalol- “soda”

60
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Verapamil, Diltiazem

A

Class IV (4) (Ca2+ channel blockers)

From Sketchy:
Verapamil- “very vanilla”
Diltiazem- “dark chocolate”
(Note these are non-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers that primarily dec contractility rather than vasodilate, the “non-dairy calciYUM ice cream flavors”)

61
Q

What antiarrhythmic class do the following drugs belong to? Adenosine, Mg2+, Ivabradine, Atropine, Digoxin

A

None, but they do have anti-arrythmic properties. They are “other antiarrhythmics.”

From Sketchy:
Digoxin- “DJ FoxGlove”
Mg2+- “hidden magnets”
Adenosine- “swing dancing”

62
Q

What about beta-blockers makes some of them useful anti-arrythmic drugs?

A

They block sympathetic activity (beta-1 receptor inc HR and contractility, so blocking this will help correct arrhythmia)

63
Q

Which anti-arrhythmic drug has properties of class I, II, III, and IV anti-arrhythmics?

A

Amiodarone

From Sketchy: remember the amigo counting uno, dos, tres, quatro!

64
Q

What is the safest class III drug to give (least likely to cause Torsade de Pointes)?

A

Amiodarone

(Although this drug is class III, it shares properties of all classes anti-arrhythmics—the “amigo” in sketchy saying “uno, dose, tres, quatro!”)

65
Q

What are the 2 big actions of nitrates? Why do we give them to patients with angina/ MI/ HF?

A
  1. VENODILATES—> dec preload to the heart—> decreases work on the heart (heart has less blood it has to pump through, so will require less oxygen demand. You are lowering the demand to match the lowered supply.)
  2. VASODILATES—> dec BP—> dec afterload the heart has to pump against
    * *note: it venodilates more than it vasodilates
66
Q

Why do patients taking nitrates daily (for angina, for example) have to have a period of the time when they do not take the nitrate (usually they take it in the morning and afternoon but not before bed)?

A

To avoid tolerance to the drug
(*usually skip dose at night bc that’s when the heart has the lest work/ oxygen demand since you’re not exercising in your sleep)

67
Q

What is the

A

Venodilation (and vasodilation)

Myosin light chain dephosphorylation (remember the G-stimulatory pathway…inactivating myosin light chain kinase—> smooth muscle dilation (vasodilation))

68
Q

What 2 things do Calcium channel blockers do? How? What are the 2 classes and the difference?

A

Ca-channel blockers dec calcium, so they (1) vasodilate (dec Ca= dec smooth muscle contraction, so less vasoconstriction) and (2) dec contractility (since Ca is required for the heart to physically contract)

1) Dihydropyridine Ca-channel blockers (“-odipine”) vasodilate more than they dec contractility
2) non-dihydropyridine Ca-channel blockers (Diltiazem and Verapamil) dec contractility more than they vasodilate

69
Q

Side effects of nitrates?

A

Headaches, flushing (red face), and hypotension

Bc they cause venodilation and vasodilation

70
Q

What findings would you expect in a patient who has overdosed on beta-blockers? What is the drug of choice for overdose on beta-blockers?

A

Overdose on beta-blockers—> bradycardia (low HR) and hypotension (low BP). Glucagon.

*Glucagon will act by the Gs pathway, increasing cAMP and therefore increasing calcium in cardiac muscle—> inc contractility and HR (and as a result, inc BP back too).

71
Q

Side effects of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis
“HyperGLUC”- hyperGlycemia, hyperLipidemia, hyperUricemia, and hyperCalcemia
Also sulfa allergy (it is a sulfa drug)

Block 7 (5 decks)

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