Renal Flashcards
DM complicated by neuropathy and nephropathy which can lead to end stage renal disease. The risk of progression is reduced by appropriate glycemic and _________ control and the use of ______ such as lisinopril or ______ such as losartan
blood pressure
ACEI
ARBs
________ bias occurs when investigators misclassify data due to preconcieved expectations or prior knowledge concerning the study or its participants
observer
___________ and ____________ due to nephrotoxicity are common electrolyte disturbances in patients undergoing treatment with amphotericin B for disseminated fungal infection and can result in weakness and __________
hypokalemia
hypomagnesemia
arrhythmias
acidosis stimulates renal ________, a process by which renal epithelial cells metabolize _______ to glutamate, generating ammonium that is excreted in the urine and ______ that is absorbed into the blood.
ammoniagenesis
glutamine
HCO3
facial and periorbital edema, mild HTN, hematuria in a child post infection suggests _______ syndrome with a diagnosis of _______. On light microscopy, the glomeruli are enlarged and hypercellular, IF studies reveal _______ of IgG, IgM and C3 along the BM and in mesangium. IMmune complexes are seen as electron dense deposits in electron microscopy on the ________ side of the basement membrane
nephritic
poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
granular deposits
epithelial
young child with generalized edema, massive proteinuria after an URTI likely has ______, which is the most common cause of ________ syndrome in ages 2-6. Caused by immune dysregulation, an overproduction of golmerular permeability factor (cytokine that directly damages ________ and decreases the ___________ charge of GBM), which leads to a selective loss of _____ in the urine.
minimal change disease
nephrotic
podocytes
anionic
albumin
inadequate canalization of the ____________ is the most common cause of unilateral feta hydronephrosis
ureteropelvic junction
fever, rash, acute renal failure (inc creatinine, oliguria) occurring within a few weeks of starting a beta lactam antibiotic (ampicillin) is highly suggestive of _________. Peripheral eosinophilia and eosinophiluria are important clinical cues.
Other drugs involved
acute interstitial nephritis
quinolone antibiotics, NSAIDs, sulfonamides, rifampin, diuretics
the blood supply to the proximal ureter comes from _______, whereas the distal ureter is supplied by _______
renal artery
superior vesical artery
in the setting of acute hemorrhage (MVA), patients are at risk for _______, which has 3 phases: an initiation phase, a maintenance phase, and a ________ phase characterized by ___________
acute tubular necrosis
initiation
maintenance
recovery
re epithelization of tubules
digoxin is a cardiac glycoside that is predominantly cleared by the ______.
kidneys
patient with pulmonary and peripheral edema due to HF and CKD experiencing hearing problems is most likely being treated with ________, which inhibit Na/K/2Cl symporters and runs the risk of causing ________
loop diuretics (furosemide)
ototoxicity
aldosterone receptor antagonists like _____________ inhibit resorption of Na, H20 and allow resorption of _____ and ______
spironolactone, eplerenone
H+, K+
__________ rejection is seen in the first 6 months after renal transplant and can be antibody or _____ mediated. Acute cellular rejection is associated with diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate of the renal vasculature, tubules, and interstitium
Acute
cell
____________ occurs when tumors with a high cell turnover are treated with chemotherapy. One of the major ions released is ____, which is soluble at physiologic pH but can precipitate in the acidic environment of the _______ and _______.
prevented with urine _______ and hydration
tumor lysis syndrome
uric acid
distal tubules and collecting ducts
alkalinization
patients with MS often develop a _________ a few weeks after developing an acute lesion of the spinal cord. These patients present with urinary frequency and urge incontinence. Urodynamic studies show the presence of ___________ due to the presence of an _____ lesion
spastic bladder
bladder hypertonia
UMN
increased ______ activity in multiple myeloma leads to ______ serum calcium, _________ parathyroid hormone, _________calciuria. hypercalcemia and light chain cast nephropathy cause progressive ________, leading to _________ 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis
osteoclastic
elevated
reduced
hypercalciuria
renal failure
reduced
selective vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole causes an _______ in GFR and an _______ in FF. FF will also _______ with efferent arteriole constriction, whereas GFR will be begin to _______ as the arteriole becomes more constricted
increase
increase
increase
decrease
______ renal allograft rejection manifests months to years after transplantation and presents with worsening HTN and a slowly progressive rise in _______. it is mediated by a chronic, indirect immune response against donor alloantigens and results in _________ intimal vascular thickening and kidney atrophy
chronic
creatinine
obliterative
the ____________ is highly permeable to water, while the _____________ is impermeable to water regardless of serum vasopressin levels.
descending loop of Henle
ascending loop of Henle
inulin is a ________ substance. THe net excretion rate of a freely filtered substance =
freely filtered
clearance)(plasma concentration) - (tubular reabsorption
most ________________ also known as clear cell carcinomas originate from the epithelial cells of the proximal renal tubules
composed of?
renal tumors from collecting duct cells? Look like?
renal cell carcinoma
polygonal cells with abundant clear cytoplasm
Renal oncocytomas, large well differentiated cells that contain numerous mitochondria
____________ is responsible for 90% of the tumors involving the renal pelvis, and often forms __________ composed of urothelium supported by a thin fibrovascular stalk
Transitional cell carcinoma
papillary tumors
ADH or vasopressin acts on the __________ to increase urea and water reabsorption, allowing for the production of maximally concentrated urine
medullary segment of the collecting duct
net filtration pressure =
(Pc-Pi) - (nc-ni)
_______ rejection occurs immediately due to __________ against graft in recipients circulation and results in gross mottling and cyanosis
hyperacute
preformed antibodies
patients with post streptococcal GN is due to a strain of Group ______ streptocoocus. The glomerulonephritis is mediated by a _____________ hypersensitivity reaction
A beta hemolytic
Type III immune complex
humans acquire _____ via contact with foreign _________ that contain ________ infected with Schistomsoma larvae. S japonicum and S mansoni cause intestinal and hepatic schistosomiasis, while S __________ causes urinary schistosomiasis. Patients present with dysuria, blood in urine at the end of urination, with ulceration and scarring of the bowel or bladder or ureters. These result from a _______ granulomatous response directed against the eggs.
Schistosomiasis
freshwater
snails
haematobium
Th2 mediated
patient with membranous nephropathy, flank pain, new hematuria, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, and left varicocele likely has a ________ as a result of ______ syndrome, which is a hypercoaguable state, and leads to renal infarction. This is preceded by a loss of ________ such as antithrombin III
Renal vein thrombosis
nephrotic
anticoagulation factors
ACEI such as _______ reduce AngII levels and cause __________ dilation
ramipril
efferent arteriole
a patient presents with HTN, hematuria, and moderate proteinuria, suggesting _______. Renal biopsy shows ___________ of Ig along the GBM, which is characteristic of _______________. The deposits are composed of _____ and C3
nephritic
linear cresent formation
anti glomerular basement membrane
IgG
the bladder is _______. In placement of a suprapubic cystostomy, the tracar and cannula will pierce the layers of the abdominal wall, including the _____________ but will not enter the peritoneum
extraperitoneal
anterior abdominal aponeurosis
ACEI can cause an acute rise in serum creatinine by dilating the efferent arteriole, which leads to a reduction in ____. For patients with renal artery stenosis, ACEI can be detrimental by precipitating _______
filtration fraction
ARF
extensive smoking history, painless hematuria, polycythemia indicated by elevated hematocrit and a left sided renal mass =
gene
Renal cell carcinoma
chrom 3p: VHL
dehydration stimulates ____ secretion, which acts on the _______ to increase their permeability to water. The lowest osmolarity occurs in the __________
ADH
collecting ducts
distal convoluted tubule
patients with chronic kidney disease may develop ______ from secondary hyperparathyroidism which is caused by _____________ and hypocalcemia
renal osteodystrophy
hyperphosphatemia
the ureteric bud ultimately gives rise to the _______ of the kidney, while the metanephric mesoderm (blastema) gives rise to the glomeruli, Bowman’s space, PT, loop of henle, and the _____
collecting system (major/minor calyces, pelvis, ureters)
DCT
Most of the K+ filtered by the glomeruli is resorbed in the ________ and the ______. The late _______ and __________ are the primary sites for regulation of K+ concentration in the urine.
K depleted stimulates ______ to reabsorb extra K
Increased K stimulates _______ to secrete K
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal and cortical collecting tubules
alpha intercalated cells
principal cells
during the _______ (polyuric phase) of acute tubular necrosis, patients can become dehydrated and can develop severe ________ due to high volume, hypotonic urine
recovery phase
hypokalemia
Acyclovir can cause _______ if adequate _____ is not also provided
crystalline nephropathy
hydration
_______ is a DNA dependent RNA polymerase that incorporates short RNA primers (uracil containing) into replicating DNA
Primase
following desmopressin administration during water deprivation test, urine osmolarity ______ to normal levels in central DI, but __________ in complete nephrogenic DI
increases
does not change
Goodpasture syndrome is caused by autoantibodies against the ____________ of type _______ collagen found in the _______ and pulmonary capillary membrane (anti-GBM antibodies). Manifests with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and _______ hemorrhage (shortness of breath, hemoptysis)
alpha 3
IV
GBM
alveolar
Potter sequence in infant is caused by a _____anomly that leads to decreased urine output by the fetus, which leads to oligohydraminos. The lack of amniotic fluid causes ______ of the fetus which leads to flat facies, limb abnormalities, and pulmonary hypoplasia which leads to death
renal
compression
inappropriately elevated aldosterone with renin is indicative of _______ hyperaldosteronism, which is caused by renovascular disease, malignant hypertension, and ____________
secondary
renin secreting tumors
marked unilateral kidney atrophy is suggestive of
HTN and ______ are often present
renal artery stenosis
abdominal bruit
Erythropoiesis stimulating agents used to treat ______ of chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients are associated with an increased risk for ____ and thromboembolic events
anemia
HTN
increased ASO and anti NAD, AntiDNase and AHase, increased serum creatinine, decreased C3 in young child with periorbital edema and tea colored urine =
PSGN
glomerulonephritis, photosensitive rash, and arthralgias in a young woman are suggestive of _______. 30% of patients have _____, which can cause paradoxical aPTT prolongation and a false positive _____. The patients are at risk for venous and arterial thromboembolism and unexplained recurrent ________ loss
SLE
ANA+
RPR/VDRL
pregnancy
_______ is an _____ disorder caused by defective transportation of cystine, ornithine, arginine, and lysine across the intestinal and renal tubular epithelium. Recurrent ________ is the only clinical manifestation. Urinalysis shows pathognomonic hexagonal cystein crystals. _______ type stones are the most common
Cystinura
AR
Nephrolithiasis
Calcium oxalate
anatomic or functional _______ is almost always necessary for the development of acute pyelonephritis
vesicoureteral reflux
the principle lesion of minimal change disease can be seen on ______
electron microscopy
___________ is the most common cause of calcium kidney stone disease. This condition is characterized by normal serum _______ levels with ______. Other risk factors include ________, hyperuricosuria, low urine volume, and hypocitraturia
idiopathic hypercaciuria
calcium
hypercalcuria
hyperoxaluria
palpable lower extremity purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgias, hematuria in a child =
it is a _______ in children that follows an infection due to deposition of _______ in small vessels
Henoch Schonlein purpura
IgA mediated Type III hypersensitivity reaction
IgA containing immune complexes
nephromegaly with cysts in a fetus on US =
caused by a mutation in ____ that codes for ____
inheritence
most likely complication is _____ due oligohydraminos
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
PKHD1, fibrocystin
AR
respiratory distress
fracture of the 12th rib, most likely injured organ?
kidney
____________ often results in progressive proteinuria with the eventual development of nephrotic symptoms and renal failure. ____________ (Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules) are seen on renal biopsy and indicates irreversible glomerular damage and rapid decline in kidney function
Diabetic nephropathy
nodular glomerulosclerosis
common side effects of _________ include decreased glomerular filtration rate, hyperK+, cough. _______ is a rare by life threatening side effect
ACEI
Angioedema
The most concentrated tubular fluid is found
at the junction between the dscending and ascending limbs of loop of Henle
the majority of water reabsorption, regardless of hydration status, occurs in the _______
proximal tubule