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BIOM 3200 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Posterior pituitary stores and releases what two hormones?

A
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
  • released when needed
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2
Q

ADH is significant why?

A
  • primary role is to stimulate water retention by kidneys

- secondary role is to cause a rise in blood pressure via vasoconstriction

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3
Q

Osmolality

A
  • concentration of solution (how “substancey” something is)
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4
Q

Brattleboro rats

A

Mutated ADH gene

  • exhibit excessive thirst and frequent urination
  • kidneys can’t retain water
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5
Q

Human water content varies with age and gender - give some examples

A
  • babies ~75% water
  • women ~50%
  • men ~60%
  • elderly ~45%
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6
Q

What happens when blood osmolality goes up?

A
  • osmoreceptors in hypothalamus signal to posterior pituitary to release ADH into blood stream
  • ADH tells kidneys to resorb water (pee less)
  • Blood volume goes up and blood osmolality decreases
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7
Q

Sources of water intake

A
  • fluids and food (2250 mL)

- metabolism (250 mL)

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8
Q

Sources of water loss

A
  • urine (1500 mL)
  • lungs (700 mL)
  • sweat (200 mL)
  • feces (100 mL)
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9
Q

Where is all the water in our bodies?

A

2/3 is intracellular
1/3 is extracellular
* interstitial fluid
* blood plasma

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10
Q

Human urine is ___ times more ______ than blood

A

4.6; concentrated

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11
Q

Arabian camel water regulation

A

Can’t avoid hot dry dessert and could go days without water - even active

  • can’t close kidneys down! so instead
  • lipid stored in hump because lipid metabolism provides lots of energy
  • dry food provides some water
  • kidney is very efficient
  • thermoregulates by panting but shuts down when dehydrated
  • urine to blood ratio is 7
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12
Q

Kangaroo rat water regulation

A

Never drinks water and has high respiratory water loss!

  • obtains water from dry food and metabolic water
  • moist air in burrows
  • nocturnal
  • very dry fees
  • urine to blood ratio is 14
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13
Q

Marine mammal water regulation

A

No access to fresh water and seawater has a salt concentration of 3.5%

  • obtain water from food (krill)
  • produce very concentrated urine
  • ratio of 5 to 6
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14
Q

Water regulation hibernating bears

A

Hibernate at half the year without eating drinking or excreting

  • reduce BT
  • reduce heart rate
  • metabolic water from lipids balances respiratory water loss
  • special mechanism for eliminating urea without urinating
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15
Q

3 main functions of the kidney

A
  • excrete metabolic waste products
  • involved in water and electrolyte regulation
  • balance pH
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16
Q

Functional unit of kidney

A

NEPHRON

  • 80% cortisol
  • 20% dip into medulla
17
Q

4 regions of nephron

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henle
  • Distal convoluted tubule
18
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

Contains glomerulus

  • porous epithelial lining allows for filtration
  • podocytes (holey cells)
19
Q

PCT

A

Located in renal cortex

  • lots of mitochondria to make ATP to power pumps that pull lots of sodium ions from filtrate
  • large surface area
20
Q

Loop of Henle

A

Starts in cortex, dips into medulla, and comes back up

  • Drives reabsorption by creating a salt concentration gradient
  • actively pumps out salt in ascending limb
  • passively pumps out water in defending limb
21
Q

DCT

A

Renal cortex

- filtrate runs out of loop and into collecting duct

22
Q

Urine is formed by 3 basic steps

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Secretion
23
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tangle of capillaries (like a ball of yarn)

  • blood flows in afferent arteriole
  • blood exits efferent arteriole
  • filtering occurs thanks to hydrostatic blood pressure
24
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Myogenic autoregulation of filtration so that nothing changes with blood pressure

  • increase in bp causes afferent to constrict and efferent to dilate
  • decrease in bp causes afferent to dilate and efferent to restrict
25
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Assists with constricting and dilating in myogenic autoregulation

26
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Smooth muscle cells in afferent arteriole

27
Q

Macula densa cells

A

Sensory cells in region of distal convoluted tubule that send message about what is happening and what needs to be corrected

28
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Connect JG and MD cells via gap junctions

29
Q

Sympathetic Nerve Fibres

A

Are associated with afferent arterioles

- redirect blood from kidneys to other organ systems

30
Q

GFR is relatively constant at?

A

125 ml/min to ensure constant flow of filtrate for reabsorption and elimination

31
Q

Renin-Angiotensin system @__________

A

level of body - not glomerulus!

32
Q

When blood pressure falls RAAS…

A
  • JG cells secrete renin into blood
  • Renin acts on angiotensinogen to produce ANG1
  • ANG1 is converted into ANG2 by ACE
  • ANG2 is a potent vasoconstrictor
  • causing increase in bp
33
Q

When blood volume is low RAAS…

A
  • ANG2 stimulates aldosterone secretion from adrenal cortex

- together they increase salt and water retention in kidneys and blood volume increases

34
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Surround nephron

- sends more water/solutes into nephron and drawing out more water/solutes from nephron

35
Q

Ascending limb

A
  • thick wall
  • impermeable to water
  • permeable to salt
36
Q

Descending limb

A
  • thin wall
  • permeable to water
  • impermeable to salt
  • deepest region reaches 1200-1400 mOsmol
37
Q

Collecting ducts

A

Nephron drainage site

  • more water is drawn out by osmosis from medullary concentration difference and reabsorbed into blood
  • ADH must be present to make urine hyperosmotic
38
Q

Vasa recta

A

Blood vessels wrapped around loop of henle

  • maintain standing osmotic gradient
  • countercurrent exchange takes up water
39
Q

Countercurrent multiplier system set up by?

A

Ascending and descending limbs @ loop of henle

BIOM 3200 (2 decks)

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