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BIOM 3200 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothalamic hormones

A
  • PRH
  • TRH
  • CRH
  • GHRH
  • GnRH
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2
Q

Ant. Pituitary Hormones

A
  • Prolactin
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • GH
  • FSH/LH
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3
Q

Homeostasis is driven by what system?

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

Who came up with the term homeostasis?

A

Walter Cannon

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5
Q

Components of homeostasis

A
  • sensory system
  • integrating centre
  • effector/response system
  • negative feedback loop
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6
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

Mechanism by which homeostasis fluctuates around set point

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7
Q

Hyper-dysfunction

A

Too much of certain hormone

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8
Q

Hypo-dysfunction

A

Too little hormone

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9
Q

Resistance

A

Too little effect

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10
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Tissue which releases a substance into bloodstream

- substance travels via blood to target cell

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11
Q

4 classifications of hormones

A
  1. Polypeptides and proteins
  2. Amines
  3. Glycoproteins
  4. Steroids
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12
Q

Catecholamine

A

Special type of amine hormone

  • synthesized in advance
  • stored in secretory vesicles
  • released from cell by exocytosis
  • dissolved in plasma
  • short half life
  • epinephrine and norepinephrine for example
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13
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Consist of protein bound to one or more carbohydrate groups

- for example FSH and LH

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14
Q

Steroids

A

Derived from cholesterol after an enzyme cleaves off the side chain attached to the 5 C “D” ring

  • synthesized on demand
  • not stored
  • released from cell by diffusion
  • bound to carrier proteins in blood
  • long half life
  • includes testosterone, progesterone and cortisol
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15
Q

Autocrine

A

secretory cell = target cell

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16
Q

Paracrine

A

secretory cells act on other cells in the local environment

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17
Q

Endocrine

A

cell makes molecule and secretes it into blood stream to travel to target cell

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18
Q

Peptide

A
  • synthesized in advance
  • stored in secretory vesicle
  • released from cell by exocytosis
  • dissolved in plasma
  • short half life
  • insulin is an example
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19
Q

Amine (thyroid)

A

Hormones derived from amino acids tyrosine and tryptophan

  • synthesized in advance
  • stored in secretory vesicle
  • released from cell by diffusion
  • bound to carrier proteins in blood
  • long half life
  • T4 or thyroxine
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20
Q

Receptor binding is what?

A

Highly specific!

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21
Q

Where are receptors for most hormones found?

A

Plasma membrane of target cell

- hormone binds to extracellular domain and activates one or more cytoplasmic signalling pathways

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22
Q

Where are steroid receptors found?

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Where are thyroid receptors found?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

Adenylate cyclase pathway

A
  • hormone goes through bloodstream and binds BETA to receptor on target cell
  • G proteins on cytoplasmic side translocate to adenylate cyclase
  • g-alpha protein dissociates translocates across membrane to adenylate cyclase (becomes activated)
  • once AC is activated it can produce cAMP from ATP
  • cAMP can signal protein kinase to become active (pulls off regulatory unit)
  • Protein kinase can then go on to activate other molecules (stimulate hormonal response)
  • stick phosphates on things (on/off switch)
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25
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Class of g-protein coupled receptors that are the targets of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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26
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors

A

Activate adenylate cyclase via G(s)

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27
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors

A

Activate phospholipase C via G(q)

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28
Q

Phospholipase C Pathway

A
  • hormone goes through bloodstream and binds to ALPHA receptor on target cell
  • G (alpha) proteins on cytoplasmic side dissociate
  • G-protein subunit travels through plasma membrane and activates phospholipase C
  • once phospholipase C is activated it can catalyze the breakdown of a particular membrane into DAG and IP3
  • IP3 enters the cytoplasm and binds to receptors in the endoplasmic reticulum
  • this binding causes the release of stored Ca2+
  • diffuses into cytoplasm where it acts as second messenger to promote hormonal effects
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29
Q

Mechanism of STEROID hormone receptors

A
  • steroid hormones are transported bound to plasma carrier proteins
  • dissociate from plasma carriers and pass through membrane of target cell (lipophilic)
  • hormone binds to receptors in cytoplasm
  • hormone bound receptor translocates to the nucleus where it binds to DNA
  • stimulates genetic transcription resulting in new mRNA synthesis
  • new mRNA codes for production of new proteins
  • produce hormonal effects in target cell
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30
Q

Mechanism of THYROID hormone receptors

A
  • T4 (thyroxine) transported in blood bound to plasma carrier proteins
  • dissociate from plasma carriers and pass through membrane of target cell (lipophilic)
  • In cytoplasm T4 is converted into T3
  • T3 uses binding proteins to enter the nucleus
  • hormone bound receptor binds to DNA
  • stimulates genetic transcription resulting in new mRNA synthesis
  • new mRNA codes for production of new proteins
  • produce hormonal effects in target cell
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31
Q

ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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32
Q

TSH

A

stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T3 and T4 (thyroxine)

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33
Q

GH

A

stimulates movement of amino acids into cells and proteins to promote overall tissue and organ growth

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34
Q

FSH

A

stimulates growth of ovarian follicles in females and production of sperm cells in male testes

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35
Q

PRL

A

stimulates milk production by female mammary glands after giving birth and plays a role in supporting regulation of male reproductive system

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36
Q

LH

A

stimulates ovulation and conversion of ovulated ovarian follicle into corpus luteum in females and stimulates secretion of testosterone in males

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37
Q

Somatotropin

A

Another name for growth hormone

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38
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Paired organs that cap superior borders of kidney

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39
Q

Adrenal gland strucutre

A 
Outer cortex made up of 3 zones
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasiculata
- zona reticular
and an inner medulla
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40
Q

Zona glomerulosa secretes?

A

Mineralocorticoids

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41
Q

Zona fasiculata secretes?

A

Gluococorticoids

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42
Q

In what region of the adrenal cortex are receptors for ACTH found?

A

Zona fasiculata

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43
Q

Dominant glucocorticoid in humans? Rats?

A

Cortisol; corticosterone

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44
Q

Inner medulla secretes?

A

Catecholamines and epinephrine

45
Q

Cortisol is essential for life. WHY?

A
  • protects against hypoglycemia
  • promotes gluconeogenesis
  • plays role in immune system, bone and muscle
  • natural regulator of inflammatory response
46
Q

What happens when you have too much cortisol?

A
  • breakdown of skeletal muscle for gluconeogenesis
  • suppresses immune system
  • breaks down bone
  • affects brain function
  • Cushing’s
47
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Primary result of too much corticosteroid in blood

- prolonged exposure to drugs or disease causing high levels of CRH and ACTH

48
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Secondary result of to much corticosteroid in blood

  • pituitary tumor causing excessive production of ACTH
  • ACTH levels higher than syndrome
49
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Low levels of cortisol

50
Q

Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction

A

Disease in horses due to impaired pituitary gland - causes increased secretion of cortisol

51
Q

Thyroid gland

A

2 lobes just below larynx connected anteriorly by isthmus

- largest of purely endocrine glands (20 to 25 g)

52
Q

Thyroid follicle

A

Spherical, hollow sacs consisting of follicular cells surrounding colloid fluid

53
Q

Colloid

A

Fluid inside thyroid follicle that contains thyroglobulin

54
Q

How does thyroid produce thyroid hormones - T3 and T4?

A
  • follicles take up iodide from blood by sodium iodide transporter
  • iodide secreted into colloid by pendrin transporter
  • iodide is oxidized and attached to tyrosine within thyroglobulin protein (helped by TPO - removes electron so iodine has a spot to bind to)
  • if one iodine attaches you get monoiodotyrosine
  • if 2 iodine attach you get diiodotyrosine
  • tyrosine molecules can further modify MIT and DIT structures to make T3 and thyroxine
  • thyroglobulin gets taken back up by follicular cells and cut up so t3 and t4 are separate and can be secreted into blood stream
55
Q

Thyroid hormone function

A
  • regulate BMR
  • needed for normal gonadal development
  • needed for normal embryonic/fetal development
56
Q

Hypothyroid

A

Low levels of thyroid hormones (T3/4)

  • high TRH and TSH
  • Goiter (excessive growth)
57
Q

Hyperthyroid

A

High levels of T3/4

  • low TRH and TSH
  • Exophthalmos
58
Q

Graves Disease

A

Hyperthyroid

59
Q

Cretinism

A

Congenital deficiency of thyroid hormones usually due to hypothyroid mother

  • reduced physical growth and severe mental deficiency
  • treated with thyroxine soon after birth to restore symptoms
60
Q

Half life of protein

A

Very low (6 to 20 mins) so that you don’t grow out of control

61
Q

Most abundant ant. pit. hormone

A

Growth hormone

62
Q

Growth hormone polypeptide sequence

A

191 AA

63
Q

Liver glucose release ___ by GH and ___ by IGF1

A

increased; decreased

64
Q

Plasma glucose concentration ___ by GH and ___ by IGF1

A

increased; decreased

65
Q

Lipolysis in adipocytes ___ by GH and ___ by IGF1

A

increased; decreased

66
Q

Sensitivity of tissue to insulin ___ by GH and ___ by IGF1

A

decreased; increased

67
Q

Muscle amino acid uptake and protein synthesis ___ by GH and ___ by IGF1

A

increased; increased

68
Q

In growing children under production of GH results in

A

Pituitary dwarfism

  • small size, proportions
  • normal shape at maturity but stunted
69
Q

In growing children over production of GH results in

A

Pituitary gigantism

70
Q

In adults under production of GH results in

A

Cushing’s syndrome

- GH synthesis inhibited by increased cortisol

71
Q

In adults over production of GH results in

A

Acromegaly

  • thickening of bones, joints and skin
  • enlargement of internal organs
72
Q

Hydroxyapatite crystals

A

Calcium phosphate lattice

Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

73
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells

74
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone

75
Q

Bone diameter increases when

A

Matrix deposits on outer surface of bone

- growth around bone

76
Q

Bone length increases when

A

Growth occurs at epiphyseal plates

  • collagen layer thickens and old cartilage calcifies
  • chondrocytes degenerate
  • osteoblasts invade and lay bone matrix on top of cartilage base
77
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Columns of collagen-producing cells contained in epiphyseal plates

78
Q

Intra and extracellular calcium ions are essential for what?

A
  • Neuromuscular excitation
  • blood coagulation
  • hormone secretion
  • enzyme activity
  • fertilization
79
Q

How does endocrine system control calcium levels?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone raises plasma calcium
  • Calcitriol (vit. D3) stimulates intestinal absorption of calcium
  • Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels
80
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Little nodules that rest on thyroid gland - cannot live without it

81
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Raises blood calcium

  • stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve hydroxyapatite and return bone calcium to blood
  • stimulates kidney to resorb calcium (excrete less)
  • stimulates kidney to produce enzyme needed to activate vitamin D which promotes better absorption of calcium from food and drink
82
Q

Vitamin D activation

A
  • UV light produces vitamin D3 from precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol
  • Vitamin D3 secreted into blood and sent to liver
  • liver adds hydroxyl group to C 25
  • 1-alpha hydroxylase enzyme converts precursor form of vitamin D3 into active form by adding final hydroxyl group to C1
  • active form of vitamin D3 travels to intestines and tells them to increase absorption
83
Q

Two parts of testes

A
  1. Seminiferous tubules

2. Interstitial fluid

84
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Contain sertoli cells

85
Q

Sertoli Cells

A
  • regulate sperm development
  • site of spermatogenesis
  • produce and release testosterone
86
Q

Interstitial tissue

A

Contains leydig cells

87
Q

Lydia cells

A
  • produce and release testosterone
88
Q

Female reproductive system is 2 cycles occurring simultaneously

A
  1. Ovarian cycle - regulated by FSH and LH

2. Uterine (menstrual) cycle - regulated by estrogen and progesterone

89
Q

Initial stage:

A

HPG axis
- ant. pit. increases FSH and LH secretion
Ovaries
- FSH influences ovarian follicles to begin maturation
Uterus
- Day 1 of menstrual bleeding

90
Q

Stage 1: Follicular phase

A 
HPG axis
- Estrogen inhibits GnRH, FSH and LH 
Ovaries
- FSH decreasing
- LH increasing 
Uterus
- estrogen stimulates endometrial growth
91
Q

Stage 2: Ovulation

A

LH surge stimulated by estrogen

  • egg ruptures out of follicle and into fallopian tube
  • corpus luteum formed from what is left behind
92
Q

Stage 3: Early to mid Luteal phase

A

HPG axis
- Corpus luteum produces progesterone and estrogen
- negative feedback so that cycle doesn’t begin again in case there is a pregnancy
Ovaries
- corpus luteum develops and regresses
Uterus
- endometrium anticipates pregnancy
* progesterone stimulates cervical mucosa layer to thicken

93
Q

Stage 4: Late luteal menstruation

A

HPG axis
- estrogen and progesterone decrease removing negative feedback
- FSH and LH go up
Ovaries
- corpus luteum lives 12 days and if no implantation happens it undergoes apoptosis
Uterus
- endometrium requires progesterone to slough off
- menstruation starts again at 14 days post ovulation

94
Q

When does basal body temp rise in relation to ovulation?

A

1 day after LH peak when progesterone goes up

95
Q

POMC

A

Parent molecule - Proopiomelanocorticotropin

* 130 AA long

96
Q

ACTH from POMC

A

Cleaved at AA 39

97
Q

13 components of melanocortin system

A
  • 4 post translational peptide products of POMC hormone
  • 5 melanocortin receptors
  • 2 melanocortin antagonists
  • 2 proteins that modulate melanocortin activity
  • 1 opiod
98
Q

What are the 4 post translational peptide products of POMC hormone?

A
  • alpha melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • beta MSH
  • gamma MSH
  • ACTH
99
Q

Melanocortin receptors

A
  • go through cell membrane 7 times

- have g proteins on bottom for translocating signals

100
Q

Melanocortin antagonists

A
  • Agouti

- Agouti related protein (AGRP)

101
Q

What are the two proteins that modulate melanocortinin activity modulators?

A
  • Mahogany

- Syndecan3

102
Q

alpha MSH produced in brain

A

inhibits food intake

103
Q

alpha MSH produced in skin

A

acts on melanocytes

104
Q

MCR found where?

A
  • skin
  • adrenal
  • brain
  • penis
105
Q

Mutation in MC4R

A

Leads to early onset obesity

- brain doesn’t tell you to stop eating

106
Q

Agouti mice

A

Overproduce Agouti protein - antagonist to alpha MSH

* competes for MC1R

107
Q

Dominant gene mutation in MC1R leads to?

A

All black jaguars

108
Q

Recessive gene mutation in MC1R?

A

Redheads

109
Q

Alpha MSH analog

A

PT-141

* mid life crisis drug

BIOM 3200 (2 decks)

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