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Co-Existing & Basic Principles 2016 * > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

These factors will result in prostaglandin synthesis by the kidneys

A

Renal ischemia, renal hypotension, and physiological stress

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2
Q

This common drug used for post-op pain relief should be avoided in those at risk for medullary ischemia. Why?

A

Ketorolac (Toradol) This is because it is a powerful NSAID, which drastically reduces prostaglandin synthesis, putting the kidneys at risk for ischemia

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3
Q

Low dose dopamine will do this, but not this

A

Will have positive inotropic effects, which increase UO. Will not decrease the incidence of ARF, dialysis, or mortality

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4
Q

The kidneys are able to autoregulate over this range of MAPs

A

80-180 Some say up to 200 Either way, kidneys are very sensitive to a reduction in MAP Also, may be higher than 80 if the patient has chronic HTN

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5
Q

Surgical stimulation can cause release of this hormone

A

ADH This will cause a drop in UO

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6
Q

This will cause aldosterone release

A

baroreceptor response to volume depletion

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7
Q

In hypotension, blood will be shunted (towards/away) from the kidneys

A

Away from the kidneys! Towards the vital organs

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8
Q

What ion are we concerned about in renal failure?

A

Floride. Free fluoride ions cause tubular injury and loss of concentrating ability (can result in ARF)

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9
Q

Ranking of volatile agent effects on the kidney

A

Methoxy>Enflu>Sevo>Iso>Des>Halo (MESID H)

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10
Q

We prefer the use of these IAs in renal failure patients

A

Iso and des These have negligible effects on renal function

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11
Q

This is the minimum amount of gas flow that should be given with Sevo

A

2L to prevent compound A formation

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12
Q

BUN > ___ is indicative of decreased GFR

A

50

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13
Q

These factors may cause GFR to rise despite a normal GFR

A

High protein diet GI bleed Febrile illness Dehydration

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14
Q

What is the most common cause of high BUN

A

CHF secondary to the reabsorption of BUN Low CO causes lows kidney perfusion. Kidneys try to correct perceived fluid deficit by reabsorbing urea.

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15
Q

There is a __-__ hour lag time after a change in GFR before the increase creatinine levels are seen

A

8 - 17

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16
Q

What test is the most reliable estimate of GFR?

A

Creatinine clearance

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17
Q

Why is anemia common in renal failure?

A

1) Decreased EPO production 2) Build-up of toxins decreases the lifespan of RBCs

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18
Q

Chronic renal patients will usually have an increased or decreased CO?

A

Increased to compensate for the anemia

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19
Q

Hemoglobin levels as low as __-__ are common for renal patients, so don’t freak out

A

5-8

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20
Q

Renal patients usually have fucked up coags. Which coags are fucked up and why?

A

PT, PTT, and bleeding time. These are fucked up because they have shitty vWF. Treat this by replacing vWF.

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21
Q

How can you treat the fucked up coags seen in renal dysfunction?

A

Replace the vWF! 1) Desmopressin .3-.4mg/kg over 30 min) - Desmopressin will increase the release of vWF from endothelial cells 2) Cryoprecipitate (remember that this contains factor VIII, XIII, fibrinogen, and whaddup –> vWF!)

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22
Q

The hyperkalemia seen in RF can result in these EKG changes

A

Peaked T waves, ST depression, prolonged PR interval and QRS complex, heart block, and V-fib

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23
Q

Hypermagnesemia resulting from RF can cause

A

Coma and CNS depression Prolongs the duration of NMBs

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24
Q

Why do we use a microdripper to give fluids in renal patients?

A

To make sure we don’t fluid overload them

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25
Q

Why does RF cause HTN?

A

1) Renin release by the diseases kidney 2) High intravascular fluid volume d/t inappropriate handling of sodium and water

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26
Q

RF can lead to ____ pericarditis and cause

A

uremic pericarditis tamponade

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27
Q

Hypocalcemia causes this on EKG

A

Prolonged QT

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28
Q

Digitalis toxicity produces this on EKG

A

Shortened QT and depressed ST

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29
Q

These meds are excreted via the kidneys unchanged and are contraindicated in RF

A

Gallamine (100% renal elimination) and phenobarbital

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30
Q

Is UO predictive of post-op renal insufficiency?

A

No

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31
Q

What can happen if you give too much fluid to your anuric renal patients?

A

CHF and pulmonary edema

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32
Q

UO during surgery should be maintained at this rate

A

0.5cc/kg/min If it falls, we can give 5mg of lasix

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33
Q

A 50% increase in plasma creatinine means

A

A 50% reduction in GFR

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34
Q

This is the source of creatinine

A

Skeletal muscle

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35
Q

We are concerned about K+ when it is over

A

5

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36
Q

When is vasopressin released?

A

Released by the posterior pituitary in response to high serum osmolarity and acts on the kidneys

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37
Q

This is the dose for low-dose dopamine

A

1-2mcg/kg/min

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38
Q

Effect of neuraxial anesthesia in renal dysfunction

A

• T4-T10 sympathectomy will decrease the release of catecholamines, renin, and vasopressin (ADH) o This is because we’re causing vasodilation and blocking the sympathetic response! o Make sure to pre-hydrate before placement! • Key to maintenance of renal blood flow and GFR is you have to maintain renal perfusion pressure – fluid boluses etc. o Remember that proper RBF is dependent on MAP

39
Q

Effect of PPV on renal function, and how we can over come this

A

• The higher the PIP and PEEP the greater the decrease in RBF, GFR, and urine flow rate o Probably because PPV will decrease venous return and CO We can overcome this by hydrating.

40
Q

Creatinine Clearance

A

Normal is 125mL/min •

41
Q

What may a CXR show in the patient with renal failure?

A

• LVH o Determine presence of hypertensive cardiovascular disease • Pericardial effusion (from uremic pericarditis) • Uremic pneumonitis- RF patients have chronic pulmonary edema → fluid overload, shitty heart function, and leaky capillaries

42
Q

Avoid these NMBs in renal failure

A

d-tubocurarine, metocurine, gallamine

43
Q

What is the most common cause of death in renal failure?

A

Infection Make sure to use aseptic technique!!

44
Q

IAs for RF

A

 Halothane  Avoid- High K+ & acidosis-> myocardial irritability  Enflurane  Avoid- fluoride concern  Sevoflurane  Controversial: some practitioners remain concerned regarding Compound A and fluoride  Isoflurane/Desflurane  Volatile agents ideal-no dependence on kidney for elimination  Accelerated induction and emergence seen with severe anemia  Anemia results in decreased solubility of the IA

45
Q

Ventilation goals in RF

A

 Hypoventilation exacerbates acidosis  Hypercapnia predisposes to cardiac arrhythmias from acidosis  Alkalosis shifts oxy-hgb curve to left- less O2 available to tissues  Overall, we want to maintain normal acid/base balance  Remember too that they are anemic and we want to do this to keep the O2 dissociation curve to the right!! Remember that high PIP and PEEP will decrease RBF

46
Q

This is the pressor of choice for renal pts

A

Ephedrine

47
Q

What’s the deal with H2 blockers and renal failure?

A

H2 blockers are highly dependent on renal excretion

48
Q

When does cystoscopy require more than local anesthesia?

A

If the bladder if being inflated (consider RA or GA)

49
Q

Lithotomy position for cystoscopy puts you at risk for these nerve injuries

A

All major legs nerves except LFC (Sciatic, common peroneal, femoral, saphenous, and obturator)

50
Q

RA for cystoscopy

A

Need T10 block Spinal preferred d/t brief nature of the surgery Will not abolish the obturator reflex (can only be blocked by muscle relaxants, which we don’t use with a regional technique)

51
Q

GA for cystoscopy

A

Short case (15-20 min) LMA ok to use

52
Q

S/S associated with TURP syndrome

A

headache, restlessness, confusion, seizure, dyspnea, cyanosis, arrhythmias, hypotension with bradycardia

53
Q

Irrigating fluids used for TURP

A

glycine, sorbitol, or mannitol

54
Q

How to prevent TURP syndrome

A

Limit irrigating fluid height to 40cm above prostate (job of the urologist) Limit resection time to less than 1 hour

55
Q

Treatment for TURP syndrome

A

EARLY DETECTION!!  Fluid restriction  Loop diuretic  To correct fluid overload and hyponatremia  Hypertonic solution if hyponatremia present. 100cc 3% saline over 1-2 hours. Administer based on patients serum sodium (Ideally >120)  Hyponatremia occurs d/t large absorption of this fluid that doesn’t contain lytes  Results in cerebral edema  Treat seizures with midazolam, thiopental or phenytoin (if glycine used consider a trial of magnesium)  Intubate if pulmonary edema has occurred (from volume overload)

56
Q

Regional blockade level needed for ESWL

A

T6

57
Q

Why is GA preferred for ESWL?

A

Ability to control diaphragmatic excursion (Jet ventilation)

58
Q

Coagulation considerations in RF

A

o Increased bleeding despite normal PT, PTT, and Bleeding Time • Caused by release of defective von Willebrand factor • Rx- Desmopressin (0.3-0.4 mg/kg over 30 min) or cryoprecipitate o Blood warmer- set up and have ready to go

59
Q

When is vasopressin released?

A

It’s released by the posterior pituitary in response to an increase in serum osmolarity

60
Q

Something to remember before doing neuraxial anesthesia in renal failure

A

• T4-T10 sympathectomy will decrease the release of catecholamines, renin, and vasopressin (ADH) o This is because we’re causing vasodilation and blocking the sympathetic response! o Make sure to pre-hydrate before placement!

61
Q

Kidney functions

A

Fluid, pH, ion homeostasis Waste removal- urea, uric acid, creatinine, meds, toxins Endocrine- RAAS system, EPO, 1,25 D3–> active vitamin D, Prostaglandin production

62
Q

Hypovolemic urine production

A

SNS and angiotensin II–> vasoconstrictive decrease in GFR and increase in Na+ reabsorption Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption ADH increases H2O reabsorption

63
Q

Hypervolemic urine production

A

ANP increases GFR via vasodilation Reduced SNS and angio II allow vasodilation and Na+ excretion Increased cap hydrostatic pressure discourages Na reabsorption Decreased aldosterone decreases Na reabsorption in the DCT and CD No ADH leads to H2O being impermeable to the CD

64
Q

Normal renal autoregulation

A

about 80-200 mmHg

65
Q

Most anesthetic agents lead to

A

Decreased GFR, UO, RBF, and e-lyte excretion All major kidney functions affected

66
Q

Surg/Anesthesia effect on ADH, Aldosterone, RAAS system

A

Increase in ADH–> decreased UO Increase in Aldosterone from baroreceptors detecting volume depletion Hypotension (under 80mmHg) leads to a release of renin and further renal vasoconstriction

67
Q

Prostaglandins have what effect on the renal system

A

Protective against renal ischemia Ischemia, renal hypotension, stress, promote their production Oppose action of angio II, SNS, ADH, Avoid ketorolac in pts at risk for medullary ischemia

68
Q

Low dose dopamine is

A

voodoo medicine

69
Q

T4-T10 sympathectomy will

A

Decrease catecholamines, renin, and ADH Need fluid boluses to maintain RBF and GFR

70
Q

Which gas can create compound A

A

Sevo Maintain flows over 2L

71
Q

Which gases have negligible levels of free fluoride ion from metabolism

A

Iso and Des Methoxy>Enflu=Sevo are the worst No evidence Sevo cause injury though

72
Q

PPV

A

More PIP/PEEP, less RBF/GFR/UO Hydration will largely overcome this

73
Q

Periop oliguria is defined as

A
74
Q

Pre-op eval

A

HTN? DM, MI, CHF? Meds Dialysis- pre/post weight, how much fluid off, when was last, e-lyte status

75
Q

Renal function tests

A

GFR: BUN (10-20mg/dl) Plasma Cr (0.7-1.5mg/dl) Cr clearance (110-150ml/min) Tubular function: Urine spec grav (1.003-1.03) Urine osmo (38-140mOsm/L)

76
Q

BUN

A

Inverse to GFR, >50 is indicative of decrease GFR Not as sensitive as Cr Can be abnormal, but GFR ok due to- high protein diet, GI bleed, fever, dehydration

77
Q

Plasma Cr

A

8-17 hour lag after a GFR change Suggestive of ARF 50% increase indicates 50% decrease in GFR

78
Q

Cr clearance

A

Index of GRF Most reliable ESTIMATE of GFR (don’t forget about Inulin aka gold standard for calculating GFR) less than 25ml/min indicates moderate disease, less than 10 needs dialysis Disadvantage- needs 2-24hr urine collection

79
Q

Chronic RF Hgb hovers around

A

5-8g/dl

80
Q

PT, PTT, bleeding time in CRF, reason and Tx

A

increased bleeding despite normal PT, PTT, and BT- cause is defective vWF Give DDAVP 0.3-0.4mg/Kg over 30 minutes or cryo, also have blood warmer ready to go

81
Q

Hyperkalemia common, what EKG changes does it produce

A

Peaked T, long PR, long QRS, ST depression HB and V-fib can result

82
Q

HyperMg leads to

A

CNS depression and coma

83
Q

high or low pH in CRF

A

low, can’t excrete H+ ions

84
Q

CXR for

A

HTN CV disease, pericardial effusion, uremic pneumonitis

85
Q

Dig tox EKG

A

Short QT, ST depression

86
Q

Hypocalcemia EKG

A

Long QT

87
Q

RF and drugs

A

Anemia, low serum protein, e-lyte changes, fluid retention, changed cell membrane dynamics all affect drugs Drugs excreted by the kidney unchanged are CONTRAINDICATED, like gallamine, phenobarbital

88
Q

Common anesthetic drugs to use with caution in RF

A

Thiopental- high PB Midazolam- 60-80% renal clearance, high PB Dexmedetomidine- high PB

89
Q

Opioid of choice in RF

A

Fentanyl Remi also ok

90
Q

Bad opioids in RF

A

Meperidine, morphine, hydromorphone

91
Q

Muscle relaxants to avoid in RF

A

d-tubo, metocurine, gallamine, pancur, pipecur, doxacur Vec, roc ok (30% renal), but may see longer effect

92
Q

Effects of Anesthetics on Normal Kidney

A
  • ADH release d/t surgical stimulation will ↓ U/O (and promote the reabsorption of H20)
  • Aldosterone release → baroreceptor response to volume depletion
  • Autoregulation may be affected under GA
    • Lower limits of autoregulation around 80 mmHg
  • Hypotension
    • caused by agents shunts blood away from kidney
    • Any ↓ in RBF causes release of renin → renal vasoconstriction & SNS stimulation further ↓ RBF
    • with low pressure in anesthesia = get preferential efferent vasoconstriction so that the GFR is increased
    • massive hypotension → get afferent vasoconstriction and dramatic decreased GFR
93
Q

Extra caution with succs because

A

K is released! Only use if K is normal, but probably want to avoid it

Co-Existing & Basic Principles 2016 * (21 decks)

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