Renal Flashcards
Explain how urine is formed and excreted.
Urine is formed by ultrafiltration of blood by the kidneys.
nephron = functional unit of the kidney
- The glomerulus is the specialized capillary bed that allow passage of fluids and soluted from the blood into the lumen of the nephron. The “primary filtrate” is modified during its passage through the nephron. *
- -approx 1.5 L of urin excreted daily (10% of the blood volume filtered through the glomeruli)*
Describe the principal portions of the nephron and explain how they function.
It consists of the glomerulus, convoluted tubules, and collecting ducts.
- The contents of the primary filtrate are partially resorbed and partially enriched by substances that are secreted into the nephron.*
- The close positioning of blood vessels allows concentration of urine and selective excretion of minerals and water.*
What is the functional significance of transitional epithelium?
it is “waterproof” and can withstand prolonged exposure to urine.
it lines the calices, pelves, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Describe the effects of various hormones on the kidney.
post. pit. >> ADH >> antidiuresis
atria of heart >> ANH >>
adrenals >> aldosterone
Which hormones and growth factors does the kidney produce?
Renin >> raises BP
erythropoietin >> stimulates RBC production
List the most important symptoms of kidney disease.
Localized
alterations in volume: oliguria, anuria
alterations in content: proteinuria, glucosuria, hematuria, pyuria
Systemic
infection: fever, shivering, malaise
renal failure: uremia >> CNS changes >> coma/death
How common are renal developmental disorders, and which one of them is the most common?
very common
1 in 800 born with 1 kidney
one-sided renal agenesis
Correlate the pathology of autosomal dominant poycystic kidney disease with the clinical features of this disease.
inherited Mendelian trait, related to the mutation of polycystin-1* *a cell-to-cell adhesion molecule holding cells together.
- both kidneys enlarge with cysts
- tubule obstruction
- dev. renal failure by 40-50
- Must distinguish from multicystic renal dysplasia: unilateral*
Classify glomerular diseases.
- Immunologic
- Metabolic
- Circulatory
List the most important immunologic glomerular diseases.
- Injury is often mediated by antibodies and classified as Type II (cytotoxic) or Type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity reaction.*
- Immunoglobulins deposit in the glomeruli and cause inflammation = glomerulonephritis*
*secondary >> tubulointerstitial
- wegener’s granulomatosis
Immunoglobulins deposit in the glomeruli and NO inflammation = glomerulopathies
- **lipoid nephrosis**
- membranous nephropathy
- Berger’s disease
List the most important metabolic glomerulopathies.
Caused by systemic metabolic disorders
- diabetes
- amyloidosis
Explain how circulatory disorders affect glomeruli.
atherosclerosis: hypoperfusion >> involution and hyalinzation
sudden onset HTN: possible fibrinoid necrosis
shock/DIC: microthrombi
List the four most imporant syndromes related to glomerular diseases.
- Acute renal failure
- Nephritic syndrome
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Isolated hematuria and/or proteinuria
Compare nephrotic and nephritic syndrome.
nephritic syndrome = ususally caused by acute poststreptococcal or postinfectious glomerulonephritis
generalized edema, HTN, hematuria, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia
nephROtic syndrome = usually caused by lipoid nephrosis (children) or focal glomerulosclerosis + membranous nephropathy + diabetes (adults)
generalized edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia, lipiduria
Explain the pathogenesis of acute glomerulonephritis and correlate the pathologic and clinical findings in this disease.
Antigen-antibody complexes are trapped in glomerular basement membranes >> activate complement and attract inflammatory cells.
Hypercellularity occurs, partly b/c mesangial cells proliferate in response to injury.
Deposits of immune comlexes on the epithelial side of the basement membrane form “humps”.
Explain the pathogenesis of crescentic glomerulonephritis and relate the pathologic and cliical findings in this disease.
= severe glomerular injury accompanied by the formation of exudate (marcrophages that have drossed between damaged glomerular capillaries)
Inflammatory cells surround the compressed capillary loops in the form of a crescent moon. Macrophages are gradually replaced by fibroblasts, which secrete collagen >> scarring and complete obliteration of glomeruli.
Explain the pathogenesis of membranous nephropathy and relate the pathologic and clinical findings of the disease.
Massive deposition of immune complexes >> nephritic syndrome. NO EVIDENCE of INFLAMMATION.
What is lipoid nephrosis, and how is it diagnosed?
Nephrotic syndrome + hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
**Glomeruli show no changes on light microscopy. **
What do most forms of chronic proliferative glomerulonephritis have in common?
they all have . . . a chronic course, do not responde to treatment, progress to ESRD.
What is the cause of end-stage kidney disease, and how does it present clinically?
end = uremia
- kidneys appear small, uniformly shrunken
- hyalinzation of glomeruli
- tubular atrophy
- fibrous tissue in the dilated intersitium surrounds atrophic tubules
How does diabetes mellitus affect the kidneys?
1 .Thickening of BM +
increased amount of mesangial matrix
= glomerulosclerosis
- basement membranes have increased permeability >> proteinuria
- arterioles have hyalinosis >> thickened walls and narrow lumens
- papillary necrosis
- prone to infections
List the four most common forms of kidney stones.
- calcium
- struvite
- uric acid
- cystine
Compare ascending and descending UTIs and list the most common predisposing conditions for these infections.
- *Ascending**
- bacteria introduced through urethra*
- intrsumentation
- intercourse
- pregnancy
- tumors
- BPH
Descending
through blood
- sepsis
- septic emboli
Compare the pathologic and clinical features of acute/chronic pyelonephritis.
Acute = suppurative infection of the kidneys
Chronic = may evolve from acute; persisten infection leads to the destruction of renal parenchyma and scar formation; loss of renal tissue; kidneys often asymmetric (b/c bacteria grow at different rates)
