Endocrine Flashcards
Which hormones are secreted by the pituitary?
Posterior Pit
GH
PRL
ACTH
LH
FSH
TSH
Anterior Pit
ADH
Oxytocin
Compare the signs of pituitary hyperfunction in children and adults.
Prepubertal = giantism
Post-pubertal = acromegaly
What are the signs of pituitary hypofunction?
General weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, hypotension, amenorrhea (w), impotence (m), dwarfism (children)
What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
1) graves disease
2) nodular goiter
3) toxic adenoma
4) exogenous thyroid medication
* T3 and T4 normally inhibit secretion of TSH, which accounts for the low concentraiton of TSH in these forms of hyperthyroidism.*
What are the clinical features of hyperthyroidism?
- restlessness, nervousness
- emotional lability
- sweating
- tachycardia, palpitations
- muscle tremor
- diarrhea, weigh loss
- exopthalmoos
What are the causes of hypothyroidism?
- developmental defects
- thyroiditis (immune)
- hashimotos’ thyroiditis (most common)
- thyroidectomy
- iodine deficiency
What are the clinical features of hypothyroidism?
Children: cretinism (mental retardation) and dwarfism
- myxedema
- fatigue
- bradycardia
- constipation
- myalgia, weakness, stiffenss
Correlate the pathologic and clinical features of nodular goiter.
Nodules consist of thyroid follicles . . . between nodules vessels and collagen fibers infiltrated with lymphocytes and macrophages. May have calcification, hemorrhage, and atrophy.
Compression of adjacent structures >> coughing, hoarseness
List the most important thyroid neoplasms and discuss their prognosis.
Papillary
80%, 4x more common in women, favorable prognosis
Follicular
most > 40 yrs, can be treated with radioactive iodine
Medullary
derived from C cells, produce calcitonin, can be inherited MEN2
Anaplastic
very unfavorable prognosis
What are the causes of hyperparathyroidism?
Adenomas (80%)
Hypocalcemmia
What are the clinical features of hyperPTH?
- Decalcification >> fractures
- deposition of calcium salts >> nephrocalcinosis, urolithiasis
- lethargy, muscle weakness, arrhythmias
What are the metabolic consequences of hyperparathyroidism?
Stimulates osteoclasts, leading to bone resorption and release of calcium into circulation. In kindeys promotes resorption of CA in urine and formation of active vitamin D.
Compare the clinical features of hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.
- neuromuscular excitability and muscular contraction
- tetany
- arrhythmias
What are the causes of adrenocortical hyperfunction?
Hypersecretion of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex steroids. Can be caused by hyperplasia or neoplasia.
Describe the clinical features of the three most important syndromes caused by adrenocortical hyperfunction.
- Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s syndrome)
- Cushings syndrome
- Adrenogenital syndrome
