Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Smart Decks > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis?

A

Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How can one determine if pleural effusion in a pt is related to co-morbid nephrotic syndrome or an infection?

A

Nephrotic syndrome → transudate

Infection → exudate (elevated protein, LDH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Excess production of aldosterone (i.e. Conn’s syndrome) leads to what GI and urinary findings?

A

constipation, polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the pronephros?

A

A transient collection of cells that disappears during the fourth week of development. It does NOT form the permanent kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In a patient with a severe UTI and bacteremia, what empiric therapy should be started? What kind of drugs should not be used?

A

IV ampicillin and gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, olfloxacin, or ceftriaxone (i.e. bactericidal agents that kill gram-negatives); do not use bacteriostatic agents such as tetracycline, erythromycin, and nitrofurantoin in severe cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a normal range for urine potassium? A high value can indicate abuse of what drug?

A

25-125 mEq/d; diuretics (e.g. an athlete trying to lose weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an oncocytoma?

A

Oncocytoma is an uncommon epithelial tumor thought to arise from the intercalated cells of the collecting tubules.

Gross: Well-encapsulated tumors with a homogenous, tan or mahogany brown cut surface

Histologic: large eosinophilic cells w/ small round nuclei and prominent mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is bumetadine?

A

A loop diuretic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What type of cells predominantly make up the DCT and what is one area of exception?

A

Most of the distal convoluted tubules is lined by simple cuboidal epithelium with a modest apical brush border of microvilli. The macula densa is a discoid patch of tall columnar cells in the wall of the distal convoluted tubule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the equation for plasma osmolality?

A

(total body osmoles - urine osmoles) / (TBW - urine volume)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you calculate TBW?

A

weight (kg) x % of body composed of H2O (~60%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you calculate total body osmoles?

A

plasma osmolarity x TBW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the most common form of the nephrotic syndrome?

A

FSGS (Kaplan)

Membranous (Firecracker)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In organisms that colonize the urinary tract causing UTI, what is the most important pathogenic factor?

A

P-pilli (pyelonephritis-associated pilli): mediates attachment to urinary tract mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What category of drug is indomethacin? As such, what is its effect on the kidney?

A

NSAID - decreases prostaglandin synthesis → afferent arteriole constriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What effect do ACE inhibitors have in the treatment of patients with the nephrotic syndrome?

A

Improved symptoms, ↓ protein and lipid excretion, but ↑ plasma K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What class of drug is enalapril?

A

ACE inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can ECF volume be estimated?

A

Inulin: (amount administered - excreted)/ plasma [inulin]

19
Q

What effect can ACE inhibitors have in patients at risk for acute renal failure?

A

↓ ATII → ↓ efferent arteriole constriction → ↓ GFR → ↑ serum creatinine → ARF (especially if co-morbid with vascular dz s.a. athero)

20
Q

What effect does sickle cell disease have on the kidney?

A

sickle cell crisis affecting vasa recta of renal medulla → ischemia → patchy papillary necrosis

21
Q

The antibodies in Goodpasture syndrome can also affect which part of the eye?

A

lens (contains Type IV collagen)

22
Q

How does Wilms tumor present histologically?

A

Islands of stromal or epithelial cells which may organize into recognizable glomerular or tubular structures; may also contain muscle, bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous tissue.

23
Q

As the plasma concentration of a secreted substance increases, how is clearance of the substance affected?

A

Clearance is maintained until saturation of secretory transporters leads to a decrease in clearance (clearance = urinary excretion/plasma conc. & both rise proportionally)

24
Q

What is tolterodine and what is it indicated for?

A

competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist used to treat urinary incontinence, urgency, and frequency

25
Q

What is a cause of hypernatremia (↑ osm) with a continued ADH-refractory polyuria?

A

T2DM

26
Q

What is the equation for anion gap?

A

[Na+] - ([Cl-] + [HCO3-])

27
Q

How can GFR be calculated from lab measurements of creatinine?

A

For creatinine, excretion rate = filtration rate (roughly)
Excretion rate = Ucr x V
Filtration rate = Pcr x GFR
GFR = Ucr x V / Pcr

28
Q

What dietary recommendations should be made for a patient with chronic renal failure?

A

High carb, moderate fat, low protein, low fluid intake

29
Q

Which drug class decreases Na+ reabsorption while decreasing K+ excretion?

A

ACE inhibitors through ↓ ATII → ↓ aldosterone and corresponding ↑K+

30
Q

In a patient with renal insufficiency, does FENa+ ↑ or ↓ ? How about K+?

A

It will initially increase to maintain normal plasma levels since GFR is ↓ until the patient becomes substantially oliguric

31
Q

Where is most water reabsorbed in the kidney?

A

60% in the proximal tubule

32
Q

What is the main side effect of cyclosporin?

A

nephrotoxicity – the mechanism is believed to include intense vasoconstriction → ↓ GFR; affects ppl >50 y.o. and transplant patients (6-8 wks post)

33
Q

What pathology does DIC cause in the kidney?

A

diffuse cortical necrosis

34
Q

Do loop diuretics lead to ↑ NaCl delivery to the macula densa? What is the result?

A

Yes, but the MD has the same NKCC transporter that furosemide acts on, so less NaCl is detected → ↑ renin secretion, efferent arteriole constriction, ↑ GFR

35
Q

Is mannitol contraindicated in oliguria?

A

No, it is contraindicated in aneuria

36
Q

Which diuretic class of drugs is contraindicated in crush injury patients with renal failure?

A

potassium sparing, s.a. spinonolactone and eplernone → hyperkalemia → arrhthmias → possible death

37
Q

What would happen to bicarb levels immediately after 2 minutes of not breathing?

A

slightly increase

38
Q

Is E. coli lactose fermenting?

A

yes

39
Q

What gram negative rod that causes UTIs is lactose non-fermenting?

A

P. aeruginosa

40
Q

How do you calculate renal plasma flow?

A

RPF = PAH clearance = urine [PAH]*urine flow rate / plasma [PAH]

41
Q

How do you calculate renal blood flow?

A

RBF = PAH clearance / 1 - hematocrit

42
Q

What are the 2 titratable acids that can be found in the urine in metabolic acidosis (e.g. DKA)?

A

NH4+, H2PO4-

43
Q

How body fluid volume affected in SIADH?

A

It transiently increases → ↑ ANP → ↑ sodium excretion → normal body fluid volume
(euvolemic hyponatremia)

Smart Decks (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions