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Tomakesense 3 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key things about igA nephropathy?

A

Nephitis
Young males
Post upper respiratory tract infection (few days)
Frank haematuria
MACROSOPIC haematuria

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2
Q

How does iGA nephropathy and post streptococcal glomerulonephritis compare?

A

Both post upper respiratory tract infection

IgA is a couple of days post vs post strep is a couple of weeks.

Both have haematuria but igA is frank.

Main difference: post streptococcal glomerulonephritis will have proteinuria.

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3
Q

What is Goodpastures syndrome?

A

Anti GBM (glomerular basement membrane) antibodies
Autoimmune disease
Haemoptysis
Haematuria

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4
Q

What is the most common NEPHROTIC syndrome in children and adults?

A

Children: Minimal change
Adults: Focal segmental glomeruloscelrosis

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5
Q

Complications of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Renal vein thrombosis due to hypercoagulable state.
High lipids (hyperlipaemia)
Predisposition to infection

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6
Q

How does Vesicoureteric reflux present in children?

A

Antenatally- hydronephrosis on scan
Children- recurrent UTIs
Chronic pylonephritis

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7
Q

How to diagnose vesicoureteric reflux?

A

Micturating cystourogram

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8
Q

What drug is started in diabetic nephropathy ?

A

Ace Inhibitor.

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9
Q

How would a renal adenocarcinoma present?

A

Renal mass/ haematoruia/ flank pain
Left hydrocele and Hypercalcaemia.

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10
Q

Cannon ball mets in the lung are most commonly caused by?

A

Mets from RCC.

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11
Q

Antibiotics for epididymo-orchitis if suspected any STI cause?

  • if suspected chlaymida cause?
A

IM cef + doxycycline

If suspected chaylmydia cause: Oral doxycycline or Ofloxacin

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12
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing renal artery stenosis?

A

Angiography

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13
Q

What is the mx for Urge (overflow) incontinence? (conservative, medical and surgical)

A

Bladder training
Oxybutanin (anticholingerics)
Surgical- botox/ sacral nerve stimulator)

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14
Q

Features of Takaysau arteritis?

A

Large vessel vasculitis-
Aortic regurgitaiton
Renal artery stenosis
Anuerysms
Weak or absent pulses

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15
Q

How does Granulomatosis with polyangiitis usually present?

A

Chronic sinusitis
Respiratory symptoms
Glomerulonephritis (microscopic haematouria)

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16
Q

What are the indications for dialysis?

A

Uraemia (causing encephalopathy)
Hyperkaemia
Acidosis
Pulmonary oedema

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17
Q

What are the types of testicular ca?

A

Non germ cell (less common) eg. Leydig
Germ cell - more common

Germ cell divided into
Seminoma
Non seminoma

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18
Q

What tumour markers are raised in each of these?
- Germ cell (broadly)
- Seminoma
- Non Seminatous

A

Germ cell- Raised LDH
Seminoma- Elevated HCG
Non Seminoma- AFP/ bHCG

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19
Q

Broad overview of prostate ca. management?

A

Surgical approaches (radical prostectomy/ beam radiotherapy)

Medical- Goserelin GNRH agonist ( decreased libido/ erectile dysfunction/ gynaecomastia)

Cryoprostone acetate- Antiandrogen

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20
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

When a testes is absent from the scrotum

21
Q

5 steps of management of BPH

A
  1. Tamsulosin- alpha antagonist
  2. Finasteride - 5 alpha reductase
  3. Combination of above
  4. Antimusclarinic
  5. Surgery - TURP
22
Q

What is the score for prostate Ca?

A

Gleason score.

23
Q

Classic presentation of testicular cancer?

A

Painless lump
Can have reports of trauma!

Can also have hydrocele

24
Q

What is Phimosis. VS Paraphimosis

A

Phimosis is tight foreskin in children. Can be physiological or pathological.
Paraphiosis is a urological emergency. (eg failing to put the foreskin back after catetherisation)

25
Q

Amyloidosis- most common presentation?
Diagnosis

A

Renal dysfunction (nephrotic syndrome)

Diagnosis is with biopsy- Congo red stain goes apple green!

26
Q

What is the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes inspidius?

A

Desmopressin
Thiazide like diuretics
NSAIDS

27
Q

What is the classic examination finding in Epidymitis ?

A

Elevation of the scrotum reduces pain.
VS torsion where doesn’t make a difference!

28
Q

Treatment of anaemia in renal disease?

A

EPO! yay (previously transfusion dependent)

29
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy? Treatment

A

Low calcium
Raised phosphate
(Most common cause is secondary hyperparathyroidism)
Treatment is = Vit D and calcium

30
Q

Hydrocele - what is the hallmark feature?

A

TRANSILLUMINATE!

31
Q

beta HCG is a tumour marker for?

A

Testicular teratoma
NON SEMINOMA

32
Q

What is the triad for nephrotic syndrome?

A
  1. Oedema
  2. Hypoalbuminea
  3. Proteinuria
33
Q

Complications of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Increased vulnerability to infections
Hypercoagulable - renal vein thrombosis
Hyperlipidaemia
HYPOCALCAEMIA

34
Q

Treatment of SIADH?

A

Fluid restriction
Demelocycline
ADH

35
Q

How does genitourinary TB present?

A

Sterile pyuria
Dysuria
Fertility problems
Dysuria
Repeated UTIs

36
Q

What is sterile pyuria and what are the causes?

A

Sterile pyuria= leucocytes, (no nitrites/ and no evidence of UTI)

Gentourinary TB!
Recently treated/ partially treated UTI
Chlamydia is a common cause

37
Q

What is the management of renal stones?

A

Less 5mm and asymptomatic= watchful waiting
5-10= lithotripsy
10-20= lithotripsy or stereoscopy
>20 = percutaneous nephrolithotomy

38
Q

What is the treatment for acute prostatitis?

A

Ciprofloxacin or Ofloxacin

39
Q

Seminoma (testicular ca) which marker is raised?

A

HCG

40
Q

What are the common neprotoxic drugs?

A

ACEi
NSAIDS -particularly naproxen
Thiazide like diuretics
Loop diuretics - furosemide
Aminoglycosides

41
Q

What are some common causes of change in colour of urine?

A

Rifamicin- orange/ red
Nitrofuratoin - Brown (also SE of Pulmonary fibrosis)

42
Q

What are some of the drug causes of SIADH?

A

Carbamazepine, Sulphonyureas, TCAs/ SSRIs

43
Q

What criteria is used to diagnose CKD?

A

eGFR and Albumin/ creatinine ratio

44
Q

Urine microscopy: what do these findings suggest:
- Red or white cell casts
- Granular casts

A
  • Red or white cell casts- INFLAMMATION
  • Granular casts - CKD
45
Q

When would 7 days of abx be indicated for UTI?

A

UTI in pregnancy
UTI in a man
UTI in catheterised patient

46
Q

What is the reference range for Sodium?

A

135-145

47
Q

Prolonged PR interval and flattened T waves indicate which electrolyte abnormality?

A

Hypokaleamia

48
Q

Epidymal cyst vs spermatocele

A

Cannot distinguish clinically
Spermatocele - if aspirated would be milky fluid compared to epididymal cyst would be CLEAR

49
Q

Seminoma vs non seminoma - what age group? and what is a Teratoma?

A

Seminoma- 30-40yo
Non seminoma (Teratoma) 20-30yo

Tomakesense 3 (15 decks)

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