Renal Flashcards
the most common cause of renal trauma
blunt trauma
diagnostic tests for renal trauma
UA, ultrasound, MRI, CT, angiography, labs
treatment of renal trauma
bed rest, fluids, surgery (nephrectomy)
risk factors for kidney cancer
smoking, obesity, genetics, ACKD, HTN, exposure to asbestos, cadmium, and gasoline
what kind of cancer is most likely renal cancer
renal cell carcinoma
the early stage of kidney cancer is ___
asymptomatic
(many go undiagnosed until the disease has significantly progressed)
kidney cancer symptoms are caused by what
the tumor compressing, stretching, or invading structures near or within the kidney
what are some manifestations of renal cancer
- hematuria
- flank pain
- abdominal mass
- weight loss
- fever
- HTN
- hypercalcemia
**about 33% of patients have metastasis at the time of diagnosis
most common sites of metastasis of renal cancer
lungs, liver, and long bones
a tumor that is more common in boys than girls, is usually noticed around 3y/o
genetic and usually presents with other anomalies
wilms tumor
what are some diagnostic procedures for renal tumors
IVP, CT, MRI, arteriography, percutaneous needle aspiration
biopsy (to diagnose)
treatment of renal tumors depends on the ___ of the tumor
stage
the tumor can be up to 7cm in diameter and is confined to the kidney
stage 1
treatment: nephrectomy
the tumor is larger than a stage 1 tumor and is still confined to the kidney
stage 2
treatment: nephrectomy
the tumor extends beyond the kidney to the surrounding tissue and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes
stage 3
treatment: nephrectomy
the cancer spreads outside of the kidney to multiple lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body, such as bones, brain, liver, or lung
stage 4
treatment: chemo
**kidney cancer can be resistant to radiation therapy, but may be useful in palliative care or metastasis to bone or lungs
___ support is important in any cancer diagnosis
emotional
the most common cancer of the urinary system
usually transitional cell cancer
bladder cancer
risk factors for bladder cancer
- smoking
- rubber
- radiation
- longterm indwelling catheter
- chronic/current stones
- chronic lower UTIs
manifestations of bladder cancer
- hematuria (painless)
- bladder irritability (w/ dysuria)
- frequency
- urgency
diagnostic tests for bladder cancer
UA (cytology), CT/ultrasound/MRI, cystoscopy (confirmed by biopsy)
treatment of bladder cancer
- surgery (cystectomy)
- radiation
- chemo
___ ___ is a procedure that is done when urinary flow is blocked
urinary diversion
different types of urinary diversions
- ureterostomy
- illeal/colonic conduit
- continent diversions
- orthotopic bladder
ureters are excised from the bladder and brought through the abdominal wall, and a stoma is created
ureterostomy
no major surgery needed
may need periodic cath to dilate
