Renal

Question 1

cardiac output value

Answer 1

6000 mL/min

Question 1

where does most reabsorption occur?

Answer 1

PCT

Question 2

renal blood flow

Answer 2

1100 mL/min

Question 3

filtration fraction

Answer 3

110 mL/min
10%

Question 4

urine output

Answer 4

1mL/min

Question 5

minimum fluid output to remove waste

Answer 5

30 mL/h or 700 mL/day

Question 6

where does resorption of large molecules occur?

Answer 6

PCT

Question 7

where is Na+ reabsorbed?

Answer 7

pretty much everywhere in the nephron

Question 8

H2O permeability

Answer 8

decreases as you move through the nephron

Question 9

where is creatinine removed?

Answer 9

glomerulus

Question 10

increase in SCr

Answer 10

BAD

Question 11

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 11

waste from breakdown of amino acids

Question 12

what happens to kidney function as you age?

Answer 12

decline in mass sees a decline in function

Question 13

intact nephron hypothesis

Answer 13

when the loss of nephron mass leads to hypertrophy of the remaining nephrons

Question 14

hyperfilitration hypothesis

Answer 14

intact nephrons after kidney injury are damaged by increased plasma flow

Question 15

main causes of renal failure in the US

Answer 15

60% is due to HTN and diabetes

Question 16

acute kidney failure indications

Answer 16

increase in SCr greater or equal to 0.3 mg/dL within 48 hours
increase in SCr greater than 50% that occurred within prior 7 days
reduction in kidney failure

Question 17

relationship between GFR and SCr

Answer 17

inverse
GFR increases, SCr decreases

Question 18

prerenal casues of AKI

Answer 18

hypovolemia
decreased circulating volume
NSAIDs, ACE-I, and cyclosporine

Question 19

intrinsic causes of AKI

Answer 19

nephrotoxins
ischemia
sepsis

Question 20

postrenal causes of AKI

Answer 20

obstruction of urine output

Question 21

NSAIDs effect

Answer 21

increases Afferent resistance
reducing glomerular pressure

Question 22

ACE-I effect

Answer 22

decreases Efferent resistance
reducing glomerular pressure

Question 23

chronic kidney disease timeline

Answer 23

over 3 months

Question 24

calcification

Answer 24

arises as a result of hypocalcemia and impaired excretion

Question 25

protein uria

Answer 25

due to increased glomerular pressure causing endothelial injury

Question 26

1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3

Answer 26

active form of vitamin D
CKD decreases the production

Question 27

uremia

Answer 27

accumulation of waste

Question 28

nephritic syndrome

Answer 28

caused by inflammation disrupting the glomerular basement membrane
abrupt onset
some edema
raised blood and jugular vein pressure
some proteinuria and hematuria
RBC casts
normal serum albumin

Question 29

nephrotic syndrome

Answer 29

caused by podocyte damage disrupting glomerular barrier
insidious onset
very high edema
normal blood and jugular vein pressure
very high proteinuria
no RBC casts
low serum albumin

Question 30

podocyte detachment

Answer 30

caused by antibodies being the mediators of immune glomerular injury

Question 31

pyelonephritis

Answer 31

inflammation of kidney tissue caused by bacteria
characterized by WBC in the urine

Question 32

interstitial nephritis

Answer 32

caused by an autoimmune response
associated with penicillins, NSAIDs, and anticonvuslants (azepines)

Question 33

cystic renal disease

Answer 33

most commonly seen as simple cysts

Question 34

autosomal dominant PKD

Answer 34

caused by inherited mutations in the PKD1 or PKD2 genes

Question 35

PKHD1

Answer 35

gene where mutation occurs leading to autosomal recessive PKD that quickly kills children

Question 36

nephrolithiasis

Answer 36

kidney stones

Question 37

contrast-induced nephropahthy

Answer 37

caused by an increase of SCr from contrast media within 72 hours