Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Where is calcium absorbed in kidneys?

A

The renal tubules

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2
Q

How much of the filtered calcium from the glomerulus will be reabsorbed by renal tubules?

A

95%

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3
Q

Where in the body is the largest calcium stores?

A

The skeleton

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4
Q

What three components control calcium haemostasis?

A

Vitamin D
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin

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5
Q

Where is calcitonin produced?

A

Secreted by the C cells of the thyroid

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6
Q

How does calcitonin affect calcium levels?

A

it inhibits calcium reabsorption in the renal tubules and inhibits calcium absorption in the intestine
Therefore lowering serum calcium levelsd

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7
Q

How does calcitonin affect osteoclast activity?

A

It inhibits osteoclast activity

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8
Q

What impact does the parathyroid hormone affect calcium and phosphate levels?

A

Increases serum calcium levels
Decreases phosphate levels

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9
Q

What is the active form of vitamin D?

A

1,25-dihydroxycholcalciferol

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10
Q

What is the half life of PTH?

A

10 minutes (very important to know for parathyroidectomy patients)

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11
Q

What is singularly the most important urinary buffer?

A

Phosphate

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12
Q

How much of the resting cardiac output do the kidneys typically recieve?

A

25%

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13
Q

What is the typical glomerular filtration rate?

A

125ml per minute

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14
Q

Define the glomerular filtration rate:

A

This it the total volume of plasma per unit of time that leaves the capillaries and enters the Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

Define renal clearance:

A

The volume of plasma from which a substance is removed by the kidneys per minute

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16
Q

How much filtered water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubules?

A

Approx 2/3rds

17
Q

List minimum 8 causes of hypercalcaemia:

A

Calcium supplements
Hyperparathyroidism
Iatrogenic eg thiazide diuretics
Milk Alkali syndrome
Paget’s disease of the bone
Acromegaly
Addison’s disease
Neoplasia
Zollinger Ellison syndrome
Excess vitamin D
Excess Vitamin A
Sarcoidosis

18
Q

Where is cortisol released from?

A

Zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland

19
Q

What causes reduction in renin secretion?

A

Beta blockers
NSAIDs

20
Q

Where does spironolactone act in the kidney

A

The distal convoluted tubule?

21
Q

What might be seen on a urine dip in cases of hypovolaemic shock?

A

Increased specific gravity

22
Q

What is used to measure renal plasma flow?

A

Para-amino hippuric acid

23
Q

Low systolic blood pressure in the renal tubules increases risk of what?

A

Acute tubular necrosis