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MRCS Physiology > Gastro > Flashcards

Gastro Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the vomiting centre located in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

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2
Q

Give some examples of trigger points that lead to vomiting:

A

Labyrinth receptors in ear (eg motion sickness)
Over distension of the gut and stomach
Trigger zone in the CNS (e.g. medications)
Touch receptors in throat i.e. gag point

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3
Q

Give an example of a medication that can increase gastric emptying and decreases GI transit time?

A

Erythromycin

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4
Q

List the phases of gastric acid secretion:

A

1) Cephalic phase
2) Gastric phase
3) Intestinal phase

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5
Q

How much of the acid is produced during the cephalic phase?

A

30%

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6
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase?

A

Smell / taste of food
Vagal cholinergic stimulation leads to secretion of HCL and gastric from G cells

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7
Q

What cells are gastrin and HCL released from

A

G cells

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8
Q

What occurs during the gastric phase of of acid secretion?

A

Stomach distension and low H+ ions
Leads to production of gastrin

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9
Q

How much acid is produced during the gastric phase?

A

60%

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10
Q

How much acid is produced during the intestinal phase?

A

10%

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11
Q

Where is the foot in the intestinal phase?

A

The duodenum

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12
Q

What happens to gastric acid secretion during the intestinal phase?

A

It becomes inhibited by CCK and secretin.

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13
Q

List some factors which increase production of gastric acid:

A

Vagal nerve stimulation
Gastrin release
Histamine release

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14
Q

What cells in the stomahc release histamine?

A

Enterchromaffin like cells

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15
Q

List some factors which decrease gastric acid secretion:

A

Somatostatin
Cholecystokinin
Secretein

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16
Q

What cells produce cholecystokinin (CCK) and where are they located

A

I cells of the upper small intestine

17
Q

List some of the actions of CCK?

A
  • Decreases gastric acid secretion
  • Contracts gallbladder
  • Relaxes sphincter of Oddi
  • Decreases gastric emptying
  • Induces satiety
18
Q

Where are G cells located

A

Antrum of the stomach

19
Q

Gastrin increases gastric motility. True or False

A

True

20
Q

What cells release secretin?

A

S cells

21
Q

Where are S cells located?

A

The upper small intestine

22
Q

List some of the actions of secretin:

A
  • Stimulates secretions by the pancreas and intestines
  • Inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion
23
Q

What cells produce somatostatin?

A

D cells

24
Q

Where are D cells located?

A

Pancreas and Stomach

25
Q

List the actions of somatostatin:

A
  • Decrease acid and pepsin secretion
  • Decrease gastric secretion
  • Decrease pancreatic enzyme secretion
  • Decrease insulin and glucagon secretion
  • Inhibits trophic effects of gastrin
  • Stimulates gastric mucus production
26
Q

What inhibits gastrin secretion?

A

Low antral pH
Somatostatin

27
Q

List the actions of gastrin:

A
  • Increases HCL
  • Increases IF secretion
  • Increase gastric motility
  • Trophi effect on gastric mucose
28
Q

What cell produces gastric acid?

A

Parietal cells

29
Q

What is the normal pH of the stomach?

A

2

30
Q

What is responsible for maintaining the pH / acidity of the stomach?

A

H+ / K+ ATPase pump

31
Q

Where is bicarbonate secreted during gastric acid secretion?

A

Into the surrounding vessels via the H+K+ ATPase plant.

32
Q

Where do parietal cells secrete sodium and chloride?

A

into the canaliculus

33
Q

What maintains the pH of the stomach

A

The H+/K+ ATPase pump

34
Q

Which of the following would inhibit gastric acid secretion:
- Nausea
- Vagal / parasympathetic stimulation
- Calcium
- Histamin

A

Nausea - works via higher cerebral activity and sympathetic innervation

35
Q

Release of which hormone will be directly impacted by a truncal vagotomy?

A

Gastrin

36
Q

What part of the GI tract is responsible for the majority of water absorption?

A

Jejunum

37
Q

Where in the gut is iron absorbed most?

A

Duodenum

38
Q

What do foveolar cells secrete?

A

Mucus to protect gastric mucosa

39
Q
A

MRCS Physiology (6 decks)

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