Renal

Question 1

Potter’s syndrome

Answer 1

POTTER
Pulmonary hyperplasia
Oligohydraminos
Twisted face
Twisted skin
Extremity defects
Renal failure

Question 2

What are the syndromes associated with abnormal absorption?

Answer 2

Fanconi - PCT

Bartter syndrome - Thick LoH - metabolic alkalosis, hypokalaemia, hypercalciuria. Increased Renin, aldosterone.

Gitelman sydnrome - NaCl in DCT

Liddle syndrome - Na increased absorption in CT, decreased renin and aldosterone.

Question 3

What is protaglandins effect on RBF

Answer 3

Vasodilation to increase RBF

Question 4

What causes different types of casts in the urine?

Answer 4

RBC - Glomerulonephritis, HTN emergency

WBC - Tubulointerstitial inflammation, acute pyelonephritis, transplant rejection.

Fatty casts - Nephrotic syndrome

Granular - ATN

Waxy - ESRF

Hyaline casts - can be normal, non specific

Question 5

What are the characteristic of nephritic syndrome?

Answer 5

HTN, Cr, Oligouria, haematuria, RBC cars, protein loss <3.5g/day)
Post strep
IgA nephropathy
Membranoproliferative GN