Renal Flashcards
What is AKI?
a sudden decline in renal function over hours or days that leads to an inability to maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance. Diagnosed by measuring serum creatinine.
What is the criteria for the diagnosis of an AKI?
- Rise in creatinine of ≥26 micromol/L in 48 hrs
- Rise in creatinine of ≥50% in 7 days
- Urine output of <0.5 ml/kg/hour for >6 hours
Risk factors for AKI
- CKD
- History of AKI / urological hx e.g., stones
- Heart failure
- Diabetes
- Liver disease
- > 65 yo
- Cognitive impairment
- Nephrotoxic medications – NSAIDs, ACEi, aminoglycosides, ARBs, diuretics
- Contrast medium in CT scans (iodinated)
- Sepsis
- Hypovolemia
- Emergency surgery
What are the 3 categories of causes of AKI?
- Pre-renal: most common, due to inadequate blood supply to kidneys
- Intrinsic disease: due to reduced filtration of blood
- Post-renal: obstruction to outflow of urine from kidney, and the back pressure causes reduced kidney function
Pre-renal causes of AKI?
- Dehydration- haemorrhage, burns, vomiting, diarrhoea
- Hypotension (shock)
- Heart failure
- Renal artery stenosis / thrombosis
Intrinsic causes of AKI?
• Glomerulonephritis
• Interstitial nephritis (caused by penicillin, rifampicin, NSAIDs, allopurinol & furosemide – fever and rash)
• Acute tubular necrosis – brown granular casts in urine
* Rhabdomyolysis
* Tumour lysis syndrome
Post-renal causes of AKI?
- Kidney stones (in ureter or bladder)
- Masses – Ca in abdomen or pelvis
- Ureter / urethral strictures
- BPH / Prostate Ca
signs of AKI
- Hypotension
- Kidney insults
- Reduced urine production
- Lower urinary tract symptoms if there is obstruction
- Symptoms of volume overload if there is HF
- Vomiting / nausea
- Haematuria if there are kidney stones, infection, tumour or acute glomerulonephritis
- Pulmonary and peripheral oedema
- Arrhythmias - secondary to changes in K and acid-base balance
- Features of uraemia - pericarditis or encephalopathy
Ix for AKI
- U&Es
- LFTs
- Serum potassium
- FBC
- Bicarbonate
- CRP
- Blood culture
- Urinalysis
a. Leukocytes + nitrates = infection
b. Protein + blood = acute nephritis
c. Glucose = diabetes - Urine culture
- Urine output monitoring
- Fluid challenge
- US urinary tract – to look for obstruction
- VBG
- CXR – for signs of overload
- ECG
Mx of AKI
- Continual monitoring of fluid balance
- Fluid rehydration – IV fluids / if patient is hypervolemic, fluid restriction +/- diuretics
- Stop nephrotoxic medications
- Relieve obstructions
- Specialist input for severe (stage 3) AKI
- If there is hyperkalaemia:
o 10 ml 10% calcium carbonate (to protect the myocardium)
o Insulin + dextrose and salbutamol (to move potassium from extracellular to intracellular compartment) - Calcium resonium, loop diuretics and dialysis (to remove K from body )
Medications safe to continue in AKI
Paracetamol Warfarin Statins Aspirin (at 75mg) Clopidogrel B blockers
Medications that should be stopped in AKI as they worsen renal function
NSAIDs Aminoglycosides - genatmicin, neomycin ACEi ARBs Diuretics
Medications to stop during AKI due to increased risk of toxicity (not because of worsening kidney function)
Methotrexate
Lithium
Digoxin
Pneumonic for remembering assessment and management of AKI
RENAL DRS 26
- R = Record baseline creatinine (+ do regular U&Es)
- E = Exclude obstruction
- N = Nephrotoxic drugs stopped
- A = Assess fluid status
- L = Losses +/- catheterisation
- D = Dipstick (blood +/- protein)
- R = Review medications
- S = Screen (consider acute renal screen)
- 26 = creatinine rise for AKI diagnosis
Complications of AKI
- Hyperkalaemia
- Fluid overload, heart failure and pulmonary oedema
- Metabolic acidosis
- Uraemia (high urea) – can lead to encephalopathy or paricarditis
When is haemodialysis required in AKI?
When the patient doesn’t respond to medical treatments
Complications e.g., hyperkalaemia, pulmonary oedema, acidosis or uraemia
How can AKI be staged?
stage 1, 2 or 3
Using The kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) criteria
What is a stage 1 AKI?
Increase in creatinine to 1.5-1.9 times baseline, or
Increase in creatinine by ≥26.5 µmol/L, or
Reduction in urine output to <0.5 mL/kg/hour for ≥ 6 hours
What is a stage 2 AKI?
Increase in creatinine to 2.0 to 2.9 times baseline, or
Reduction in urine output to <0.5 mL/kg/hour for ≥12 hours
what is a stage 3 AKI?
Increase in creatinine to ≥ 3.0 times baseline, or
Increase in creatinine to ≥353.6 µmol/L or
Reduction in urine output to <0.3 mL/kg/hour for ≥24 hours, or
The initiation of kidney replacement therapy, or,
In patients <18 years, decrease in eGFR to <35 mL/min/1.73 m2
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
common condition affecting older men causing hyperplasia of the stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate. Usually presents with LUTs.
Pathology of BPH
BPH is a hormone dependent process involving testosterone and dihydrotestosterone production. There’s failure of normal apoptosis and abnormal epithelial & stromal proliferation.
Proliferation occurs primarily in the transition zone = restriction of the prostatic urethra and urinary flow.
Symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia
- Hesitancy
- Weak flow
- Urgency
- Frequency
- Intermittency
- Straining to pass urine
- Terminal dribbling
- Incomplete emptying
- Nocturia
- Retention = acute or chronic
What scoring system is used to assess the severity of LUTS?
International prostate symptom score (IPSS) = scoring system that can be used to assess the severity of LUTS.
- 0-7 mild
- 8-19 moderate
- 20-35 severe