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Physiology Modules 4-6 > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

Driving force for facilitators and diffusion

A

Electrochemical gradient

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2
Q

How is the electrochemical gradient made?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase pumping in 2K+ and pumping out 3Na+

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3
Q

Absorption of Na+ causes what in the lumen?

A

Osmotic and electric gradient between lumen and interstitium

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4
Q

How does osmolarity effect H2O movement?

A

Water follows solutes to keep the solutions iso osmotic

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5
Q

H2O moves via what type of pathway?

A

Transcellular and paracellular pathways in leaky tight epithelia
ONLY transcellularly in tight tight epithelia

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6
Q

Na transport in tight tight epithelia

A

ENaC which is driven by Na+/K+ ATPase activity/electrochemical gradient
only transcellular

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7
Q

Salivary acinar cells produce …. fluid

A

iostonic (same concentrations of NaCl as our blood)

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8
Q

In secretory epithelia, what is the additional transporter?

Name, where, what it does

A

Na+/H+/2Cl- cotransporter
Basolateral membrane
Pumps them all into the cell, builds up Cl- gradient inside

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9
Q

What is the electric and osmotic effect of Cl- movement into the lumen?

A

Negative lumen potential, pulls Na+ paracellularly and therefore creates the osmotic gradient and pulls water paracellularly and transcellularly

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10
Q

What is the mechanism of water secretion in leaky secretory epithelia?

A

Na/K ATPase generates the electrochemical gradient using ATP as a primary active transporter
Na+/K+/Cl- are all pumped into the cell using NKCC1
Na and K are pumped back out to the interstitium
Cl- conc increases inside the cell, creating a conc gradient
Cl- facilitators on the apical side (CTFR) allow Cl- to flow down its conc gradient into the lumen
Cl- conc increases in lumen, causing a build up of negative charge
Na+ flows paracellularly into lumen to balance charge
This creates an osmotic gradient between lumen and interstitium and pulls water paracellularly

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11
Q

Na transporters in leaky epithelia

A

SGLT1 and SGLT2

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12
Q

Which parts of the nephron have leaky epithelia?

A

PCT and thinDL

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13
Q

Leaky absorbative epithelia function is to:

A

Absorb glucose using the sodium gradient on the apical side of the cell

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14
Q

Main function of the kidney

A

Maintain blood pressure via water and ion homeostasis

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15
Q

Main function of the kidney

A

Maintain blood pressure via water and ion homeostasis

Filter blood from waste products and drugs

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16
Q

What is in normal urine?

A 
95-98% water
creatinine
Urea
H+, NH3
Na+, K+
drugs
17
Q

How much urine do we make a day?

A

1.5L/day = 1mL/min

18
Q

What is in pathological urine?

A 
Glucose
Protein
Blood
Haemoglobin
Leukocytes
Bacteria
19
Q

The juxtaglomerular

A

Juxtaglomerular cells and macula densa with the afferent arteriole

20
Q

What type of capillary endothelium is in the filtration barrier?

A

Fenestrated endothelium

21
Q

What is the filtration barrier composed of?

A

Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Epithelial podocyte

22
Q

What are the driving forces for filtration?

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure

Osmotic force due to the proteins in plasma

23
Q

What is the net glomerular filtration pressure?

A

Pgc - Pbs - OsmF

= 16mmHg

24
Q

Which filtration driving force/ pressure at PCT is the highest?

A

Glomerular capillary blood pressure (60mmHg)

25
Q

Which forces are opposing filtration?

A

Fluid pressure from Bowman’s space

Osmotic force due to the proteins in plasma

26
Q

Filtration at the kidney results in a hypo, iso or hyper-osmotic primary filtrate?

A

Iso-osmotic

27
Q

What are the substances suitable for determining the filtration rate?

A

Inulin

Creatinine

28
Q

Clearance definition

A

Volume of plasma that was cleared from a substance per unit time

29
Q

Clearance equation

A 
C = (UxV)/P
Clearance = (Conc of substance in the urine x urine output) / concentration of substance in plasma
30
Q

GFR approx value

A

132mL/min

7.9L/h

31
Q

What makes something a good substance for determining the filtration rate?

A 
Something that is:
Freely filtered
NOT reabsorbed
NOT secreted
NOT metabolised
NOT toxic
32
Q

What is filtration at the kidney?

A

Filtered at the filtration barrier

- everything is slightly filtered at the barrier

33
Q

What is secretion at the kidney?

A

Active transcellular secretion of substances into the urine from the PCT
Usually secretion of drugs
Substance is fully secreted so there is no more of it in the blood

34
Q

What is re-absorption at the kidney?

A

Re-uptaking things that are filtered either partially (K+, Na+) or fully (glucose)

Physiology Modules 4-6 (3 decks)

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