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Physiology- Renal > Renal 1: Renal System Overview > Flashcards

Renal 1: Renal System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 rental functions?

A
  1. Excretion of metabolic waste and foreign substances
  2. REgulation of water and electrolyte balance
  3. Regulation of ECFV
  4. Regulation of Plasma Osmolality
  5. Regulation of RBC production (EPO)
  6. Regulation of Vascular Resistance (RAA system)
  7. Regulation of Acid-Base balance
  8. Regulation of Vitamn D production (calcitriol)
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2
Q

What are the components of the urinary system

A

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

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3
Q

What is the outer region just beneath the capsule in the kidney called?

A

Cortex

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4
Q

What is the inner region of the kidney called?

A

Medulla

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5
Q

Describe the structural units of the medulla

A

Made of renal pyramids (Apex: papilla and base originates at the corticomedullary border)

Papilla lies within the minor calyx that feeds into the major calyx

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6
Q

Describe the renal pelvis

A

Major calyces feed into the renal pelvis and continues on to the ureter which takes urine to bladder

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7
Q

What does the nephron consist of

A

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct system

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8
Q

What does the renal corpuscle consist of

A

glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s capsule

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the proximal tubule

A

Forms several coils and then straight piece descending into the medulla

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the loop of Henle

A

Straight part of proximal tubule -> descending thin limb -> hairpin turn -> ascending thin limb -> ascending thick limb

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11
Q

What is the macula densa

A

short segment of thick ascending limb that passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles of the same nephron

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the distal tubule

A

After macula densa. Extends into the cortex where it joins 2 or more nephrons to form a cortical collecting duct

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13
Q

Describe the cortical collecting duct

A

Enters the medulla -> outer medullary collecting duct -> inner medullary collecting duct

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14
Q

What makes up the filtration barrier of the glomerular capillary?

A

endothelim
basement membrane
foot processes of podocytes

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15
Q

What is the structural function of glomerulus

A

ultrafiltration

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16
Q

What is the structural function of the proximal tubule

A

High volume, low gradient reabsorption

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17
Q

What is the structural function of the loop of Henle

A

Form high interstitial osmolality

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18
Q

What is the structural function of the distal tubule

A

low volume, high gradient reabsorption

19
Q

What is the structural function of the Macula Densa

A 
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
Senses tubular flow
20
Q

What is the structural function of the collecting duct (post nephron structure)

A

Concentrate/Dilute final urine

21
Q

What are the 2 cell types found in the collecting duct?

A

Principal Cells: moderate invagination of basolateral membrane and few mitochondria; Reabsorbs NaCl and secrete K+

Intercalated Cells: regulate acid-base balance; high concentration of mitochondria
2 types of intercalated cells
1. secrete H+/reabsorb HCO3-
2. Secrete HCO3-

22
Q

What are the functions of the primary cilia found in the cells of the nephron?

A

Mechanosensors: detect changes in rate of flow of tubule fluid
Chemosensors

23
Q

What is a typical value for renal blood flow and what percent of cardiac output is it?

A

1200 mL/min and 25%

24
Q

What is a typical value for renal plasma flow

A

660 mL/min

25
Q

Name the progression of the renal arteries

A

Renal Arteries -> interlobar artery -> arcuate artery -> interlobular artery -> afferent arteriole -> glomerular capillaries

26
Q

What is a typical value for glomerular filtration rate?

A

125 mL/min

27
Q

How do we calculate filtration fraction?

A

FF = GFR/RPF. typical value is about 20%

28
Q

What do the glomerular capillaries turn into?

A

Form the efferent arterioles which lead to the peritubular capillaries to supply blood to the nephron

29
Q

What percent of RBF passes the peritubular capillaries?

A

90% RBF (Cortical)

30
Q

What is another function of the peritubular capillaries besides providing blood flow

A

Reabsorption of water and solutes from renal cortex

31
Q

What percent of RBF passes vasa recta capillaries?

A

10% RBF (Medullary: 8% outer 2% inner)

32
Q

What is another function of the vasa recta capillaries besides providing blood flow

A

reabsorption of water and solutes from the renal medulla

33
Q

What are the 2 main routes of renal blood flow?

A

Renal arterial blood can pass through glomerular capillaries to either peritubular or vasa recta capillaries. there is little mixing between the two paths.

34
Q

How much urine is excreted on a typical day?

A

600-2500 mL/day

35
Q

What is the amber color of urine due to?

A

pigment urochrome, a compound of urobilin or urobilinogen

36
Q

Why does urine turn dark amber on standing?

A

oxidation of urobilinogen

37
Q

What does dark amber urine on collection indicate?

A

state of anti-diuresis with ventilation less than 1 mL/min

38
Q

What does pale amber con collection indicate?

A

state of water diuresis with ventilation > 1 mL/min

39
Q

What is clearance?

A

volume of plasma completely cleared of substance in one minute

Substance present in urine -> being cleared by body -> clearance >0.0mL/min

Substance not present in urine -> being preserved by body -> clearance = 0.0mL/min

40
Q

What substances should not be found in urine (reabsorbed completely)

A

HCO3-, glucose, amino acids, protein, blood, ketones, bilirubin, leukocytes

41
Q

What hormones are released by the kidney? (4) What do they do?

A

Erythropoietin- stimulate RBC production from bone marrow
calcitriol/vitamin D3- bone resorption
Renin- enzyme that increases circulation levels of angiotensin
Prostaglandins- renal vasodilation and regulate RPF and GFR

42
Q

What hormones act on the kidney?

A

ADH from posterior pituitary- water balance
Aldosterone from adrenal cortex - positive sodium and water balance
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide from heart -> negative sodium and water balance
Parathyroid hormone- calcium reabsorption by renal tubules

43
Q

How does congestive heart failure affect the following?
effective circulating volume, perfusion of kidney, and
salt and water reabsorption

A

decrease, decrease, increase

Physiology- Renal (8 decks)

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