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Health and the People > Renaissance things > Flashcards

Renaissance things Flashcards

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1
Q

why was the Company of Barbers and Surgeons formed?

A

to regulate surgeons practising in the City of London

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2
Q

what was a failing in Renaissance leaps in medicine?

A
  • developments in thinking and research did not always lead to improvements in practice
  • most new ideas didnt trickle down to general public
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3
Q

how did art impact medicine in the renaissance?

A
  • people studied corpses - more accurate diagrams
  • da vinci
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4
Q

how did the reformation under HVIII impact medicine?

A
  • king schools and scholarships set up
  • church of england allowed english bible which introduced standardisation of elngish language
  • dissolution of monasteries weakened church power
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5
Q

who invented the printing press?

A

johannes gutenburg

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6
Q

who brought the printing press to england?

A

william caxton

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7
Q

how did the invention of the printing press impact medicine?

A
  • helped spread ideas
  • tyndale bible; banned by the church to control what people knew about christianity (no ‘pope’ as such, indulgences), operated from protestant germany
  • increased literacy
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8
Q

what was the Tyndale Bible?

A

an english translation of the bible

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9
Q

what did Copernicus do?

A
  • polish astronomer
  • work was prohibited in catholic europe until 1835
  • 1543 ‘on the revolutins of the celestial spheres’ published
  • discovered a new star = observational science
  • heliocentrism proved the church wrong on central point which weakened their power
  • supported by galileo
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10
Q

how did new weaponry in the Renaissance impact medicine?

A
  • e.g. gunpowder
  • new injuries led to new treatments
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11
Q

how did the discovery of new lands impact medicine in the renaissance?

A

discovered new food and medicines (ie quinine from south america, opium from turkey)

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12
Q

what was the Role of religion and gvt in public health, in the Renaissance?

A
  • no longer living under catholic ruler
  • religion diminished in status
  • weak regulation of quack doctors
  • some towns employed people to pick up rubbish
  • people could be fined for not keeping the street outside their house clean
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13
Q

how did the College of Physicians attempt to regulate quack doctors?

A

from 1600, started to license doctors

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14
Q

how were hospitals in the Renaissance funded?

A
  • use of private subscription by local people
  • founded by gifts from rich people
  • HVIII gave some money to start hospitals - st bart’s (prev a monastery then taken on by london authorities), st thomas’
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15
Q

how were Renaissance hospitals different to Medieval ones?

A
  • new dispensation of medicines straight to public
  • new attempts to help ill children; eg. thomas coran set up foundling hospital
  • less religious
  • purpose built
  • more doctor training
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16
Q

from 1720-50, how many more london hospitals were built?

A

5

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17
Q

why did HVIII give some money to start hospitals?

A

monasteries’ care had been removed

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18
Q

give 3 examples of charity hospitals that opened in the renaissance

A

Middlesex Infirmary, London Hospital, Guy’s Hospital

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19
Q

what were charity hospitals?

A
  • hospitals funded by rich
  • offered largely free treatment to the poor
  • some specialised in treating certain illnesses or provided mothers somewhere to give birth
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20
Q

what kind of people were admitted to hospitals?

A
  • only those likely to recover quickly admitted - partly due to lack of space and risk of contagious illness spreading
  • ‘deserving poor’ had a greater chance of being admitted
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21
Q

how many people in london died because of the great plague?

A

100,00 - 1/4

22
Q

by autumn, 1664, how many deaths due to the great plague were there per week in london?

A

7000

23
Q

how did people respond to the great plague?

A
  • people fled to countryside
  • parliament postponed
  • public health was almost non-existent
24
Q

what did people believe caused the great plague?

A
  • superstition
  • prayers and charms
  • george thomson refused to evacuate and claimed he survived by placing a frog on his chest
  • pigeons, snakes and scorpions all believed to ‘draw out’ the poison
  • london mayor ordered killing of 200000 dogs and cats (more rats)
25
Q

what were the plague orders?

A
  • imposed by local councils not national gvt
  • quarantine laws stopped disease coming from ships from 1666
  • city gates were locked unless a certificate of health was presented (which poor couldnt afford)
  • if 1 family member was infected then all must quarantine
  • scottish border closed
  • trade with london stopped
26
Q

what did the 1752 Murder Act say?

A

allowed corpses of executed murderers to be taken to Company of Surgeons in London for study and teaching

27
Q

what was the impact of the 1752 Murder Act?

A

dissection more widely practiced and legalised, meaning human anatomy was better understood

28
Q

what did Harvey do?

A
  • worked as royal doctor and lecturer in anatomy in london
  • 1604 joined Royal College of Physicians
  • read widely
  • challenged 4 humours
  • studied human hearts through dissection
  • experimented by trying to pump blood the wrong way - discovered the role of valves
  • king charles allowed him to experiment on the royal herd of deer
  • disproved galens theory of blood being produced in liver and used as fuel by mathematically calculating how much would have to be produced (clear and detailed proof)
  • 1628 wrote ‘de motu cordis’- took fifty years before the uni of paris taught his theories
29
Q

what was the significance/impact of harvey?

A
  • discoveries led to attempted blood transfusions
  • criticised for disagreeing with galen
  • proved galen wrong
  • groundwork for blood transfusions and pulse checking
30
Q

what did pare do?

A
  • surgeon in paris at hotel dieu and military surgeon
  • designed and made false limbs - minimised pain for patients and wanted to increase their life quality
  • translated vesalius into french
  • 1537 battle ran out of boiling oil - used rose oil, turpentine and egg yolks - worked better
  • discarded practice of castration with hernia
  • 1545 ‘the method of curing wounds caused by arquebus and firearms’ published
  • 1575 ‘collected works of ambroise pare’ published
  • revived galens practice of ligatures - not readily accepted as could cause infection
  • designed ‘bec de corbin’ clamp to halt bleeding whilst tying ligature
31
Q

what was the significance/impact of pare?

A
  • elizabeths surgeon william clowes greatly admired pare
  • changed people’s views on surgery
  • 1575 published ‘apology and treatise’ which changed the way surgeons treated wounds and amputations
32
Q

what did vesalius do?

A
  • said medical students should perform dissections for themselves
  • challenged and corrected galen - no holes in the septum of the heart
  • 1543 ‘on the fabric of the human body’ - illustrations - replaced galen; dissected animals to prove how galen got his theories (breastbones has 3 not 7(ape) parts)
  • held popular lectures
  • researched how the human body worked - muscles, veins, nerves, digestive system, reproductive system
  • found no medical cures
  • dissections to locate best places for bloodletting
  • 1537 book prev. supporting galen
  • became doctor for emperor charles v
33
Q

what was the significance/impact of vesalius?

A
  • influenced pare
  • had an appreciative english audience; thomas geminus created the 1st edition of fabrica in england
  • created detailed anatomical layout of the human body
  • work was widely circulated due to the invention of the printing press
  • challenged the ideas of galen, opening the way for improvements
34
Q

what did john hunter do?

A
  • pioneering surgeon and anatomist but was perceived as dangerous villain
  • said the best healing method was nature
  • 1760 army surgeon
  • 1768 appointed as surgeon to St George’s hospital
  • became a member of the company of surgeons where he trained 100s of others
  • present for more than 2000 dissections
  • 1776 was appointed surgeon to GIII
  • part of the scottish enlightenment
  • 1786 wrote ‘on venereal disease’ - self experimentation; actually made a mistake, but due to his renown was only proved wrong 51 yrs later
  • used ligatures instead of amputation for aneurysms - willing to try radical approaches
  • promoted careful observation
  • opened museum as he though ignorance bred fear; 4000 objects, 500 species
35
Q

what was the significance/impact of john hunter?

A
  • connected surgery to the public (model for public engagement)
  • developed better approaches to surgery
  • edward jenner was his student
  • known as the father of scientific surgery
  • unrivalled knowledge made him a great teacher
36
Q

what did thomas sydenham do?

A
  • insisted doctors should visit the sick, rather than the other way round
  • expert on epidemics including scarlet fever and malaria
  • encouraged observation and that a natural remedy should always be sought
  • suggested exercise and moderation
  • wrote Observationes Medicae in 1676
37
Q

what was the significance/impact of thomas sydenham?

A
  • showed some progress in his thinking - not treating patients unnecessarily
  • taught that disease was caused by ‘atmospheres’
  • clinical observation
38
Q

what were renaissance ideas about the causes of disease?

A
  • superstition
  • 4 humours
  • miasma
  • small worms in air caused syphilis (pre cursor to germ theory)
39
Q

what were renaissance treatments of disease?

A
  • bloodletting - actually worsened plague
  • royal touch - coins
  • bonfires and herbs against miasma
  • apothecaries
  • astrology
  • in 1700s electricity started to be used in some medical treatments though it was rarely effective
  • paracelsus (late 16th cent swiss physician) used chemical remedies for disease and challenged established ideas
40
Q

how did approach to mental health change in the renaissance?

A

became more important; Robert burton linked lack of exercise and too much studying to poor mental health and published ‘the anatomy of melancholy’ in 1621

41
Q

when charles ii became ill, how many different drugs was he given?

A

58

42
Q

what was ‘the complete herbal’?

A

1653 book by nicholas culpepper explaining the uses of plants and astrology in treating disease

43
Q

what kind of training did physicians have in the renaissance?

A

many doctors trained at College of Physicians, est 1518 - set training standards for surgeons for the first time

44
Q

how did inoculation and variolation work?

A

giving a healthy person a mild dose of a disease allowing them to build up resistance - however it didnt always work and could kill

45
Q

when did inoculation become common in britain?

A

after 1721, when lady montagu saw it in turkey and inoculated her children

46
Q

what % of people who became infected did smallpox kill?

A

30%

47
Q

what proportion of blind people were blind due to smallpox?

A

1/3

48
Q

what did jenner do?

A
  • developed first vaccine for smallpox using cowpox
  • country doctor who heard milkmaids who got cowpox didnt get smallpox
  • 1796 tested his theory and gave cowpox to 8 y/o james phipps - 6 wks later have him smallpox inoculation and there were no signs of disease
  • repeated findings with 16 other patients
  • 1798 published findings
49
Q

why did people oppose jenner’s vaccination?

A
  • snobbery
  • worried about getting disease from cows
  • william woodville claimed it didnt work - deaths occured at his hospitals as he tried to recreate jenner’s experiment - used contaminated equipment
  • doctors profited from inoculation
  • no theory/proof
50
Q

how was vaccination accepted?

A
  • 1853 compulsory but there were campaign groups against gvt enforcement
  • proven through experimentation
  • less dangerous than incoulation
  • 1840 free for infants
  • members of royal family vaccinated
  • 1802 £10,000 gvt grant for clinic - further £20,000 a few years later

Health and the People (8 decks)

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