renaissance medicine c1500-1700

Question 1

how did the black death encourage change for the renaissance

Answer 1

the black death began to encourage change as survivors were paid higher wages because employers had to attract workers. education was pushed

Question 2

what happened with the theory of four humours in the 16th century

Answer 2

it was rejected by some radical physicians as disease was seen as something separate from the body which needed to be attacked. new chemical treatments started to appear, influenced by the increasing popularity of alchemy

Question 3

what was williams harvey discovery

Answer 3

1628- a new theory was published in Britain, which suggested that blood circulated around the body instead of being made in the liver, as taught by Galen

Question 4

what did Jan Baptiste van Helmont (a flemish physician discover )

Answer 4

a better understanding of the digestive system was developed. this meant that people gradually stopped believing disease was caused by eating the wrong things. urine was no longer seen as an accurate way of diagnosing illness

Question 5

what did Robert hooke (an english scientist and head of experiments at royal society ) discover

Answer 5

New microscopes were begging developed, which allowed for much clearer magnification. A new book Micrographia , published in 1665 showed many detailed images including a close - up drawing of a flea copied from a magnified image

Question 6

what did thomas sydenham (english physician ) discover

Answer 6

1676- rhe medical text book Observationes Medicae was published . this theoried that illness was caused by external factors rather than the four humours

Question 7

what did antony van leeuwenhoek (a dutch scientist ) discover

Answer 7

1683- more powerful microscopes had been developed to allow for the observation of tiny ‘animalcules’ or little animals in plaque scraped from between the teeth. the images were not very clear, but they were visible. this was the first recorded observation of bacteria

Question 8

what is humanism

Answer 8

love of learning , new interests in classical scholars

the idea that we can make up our own mind

Question 9

16th century humanism -

Answer 9

rejecting that god was responsible , looking back at galen and hippocrates

-590 editions of Galen’s writing were published

Question 10

17th century humanism

Answer 10

more experiments began

church has less authority

new ideas started to gain more support

Question 11

why was Thomas Sydenham work important

Answer 11

he focused on moving medicine . refused to rely on medical books when diagnosing . closely observed symptoms and treating disease causing them

Question 12

thomas sydenham didn’t rely on medical books instead he

Answer 12

closely observed the symptoms and treating the disease causing them. this was a change from medieval period as they treated each of symptoms separately instead of seeing them as all side effects of one cause

Question 13

why were Thomas Sydenham ideas controversial

Answer 13

he thought diseases were like plants and animals in that they could be organized in different groups. he encouraged detailed descriptions of symptons & then look for remedies to tackle disease. he was not able to isolate and identify various microorganisms but was able to identify measles & scarlet fever wer separate p

Question 14

Thomas Sydenham treatments included

Answer 14

• airy bedrooms
• light blankets
• cold drinks

Question 15

thomas sydenham ideas were important because

Answer 15

they helped medicine to progress further and treatments became successful

Question 16

what impact did Andrea Vesalius have

Answer 16

he wrote a book called them fabric of the human body’ written in 1543

now knew exactly what skeleton looks like as they have dissected one

public dissection of human body - galens work was disproved so has been sidelined

Vesalius carries out dissection - monkeys were sidelined as use to be dissected

Question 17

importance of versalius

Answer 17

• public dissection was like a show and open to encourage everyone
• showed other people by printing books and artists drew in them

Question 18

gradual developments in training of doctors

Answer 18

• in a handful of hospitals (in edinburgh and st Bart’s London) part of their training took place on wards
• they studied the work of vesalius on anatomy and Harvey on physiology
• training emphasized the importance of taking a scientific approach and observing symptoms and trying out treatments
• more doctors had the chance to dissect bodies so they could learn for themselves
• new equipment developed such as microscopes & thermometers although these still bedded a lot of improvement in the future

Question 19

healers and hospitals in renaissancd

Answer 19

woman still played a major part in everyday medicine as first person to treat nearly all sickness was wide or mother of sick people. wealthy ladies often provided care for local families. most preferred cheaper and more familiar remedies from surgeons , apothecaries & their family

many medieval hospitals were part of monasteries. Henry VII closed them in the 1530s some were taken over by town councils

this changed hospitals as they started to have 800 patients & 12 wards by 1660s

however if u had infectious diseases they were still ahout care rather than cure

Question 20

what were problems with galen in renaissance

Answer 20

had given a full description of anatomy of the body and dissected apes and pigs which weren’t similiar to humans

Question 21

andreas vesalius achievements

Answer 21

proving that galen could be wrong, he proved that : human jaw bone is made from one bone to two, breast one has three parts not seven and blood does not flow into heart through invisible holes in septum as galen suggested . he published ‘The Fabric of the Human body’ in 1543 firsy highly detailed book describing human anatomy. illustrations showed body in far more detail and for more accurately than before

Question 22

why was andreas vesalius able to make these achievements

Answer 22

science & technology: printing , he supervises the engraving of illustrations and printing himself. printing meant everything came out the same with no mistakes. thousands of copies of his book were used all over europe

individuals : he was inventive and determined he worked in where dissection was encouraged

attitudes: seeking improvement believed it was vital to ask questions & challenge traditional ideas by carrying out dissections

Question 23

when was Andreas Vesalius book used

Answer 23

used in cambridge bt 1860 and led to doctors writing corrections about anatomy in older medical books. he is just about anatomy not worked out causes or treatments

Question 24

why was andreas vesalius significant to medicine

Answer 24

first person to publish work on dissections - proved galen wrong and was a major turning point in medical treatment

Question 25

what did galen think abt blood vs harvey

Answer 25

Galen thought there were two kinds of blood , harvey claims no as he claims blood circulation

Question 26

william harvey born in 1578, died in 1657 who did he work for

Answer 26

as a doctor to king charles I , many didn’t believe his ideas at first as they still believes in galen so they were against him

he proved ideas which were taught wrong although the wasn’t recognized for his work in the beginning of his career

Question 27

what were harvey’s immediate impact

Answer 27

immediate impact of Harvey’s theory was that he encouraged other scientists to experiment on actual bodies

his impacts were initially limited because he paved the way for a modern understanding of anatomy and how human body functions, but a lot of doctors at the time ignored him. some she openly criticized him as they didn’t like being told they were doing their job wrong

until 1651 , English medical textbooks continued to give Galen’s account; Harvey’s ideas only began to appear in universities from 1673

Question 28

what did william harvey discover and what is his book called

Answer 28

he discovered blood circulated around the body

his book ‘An Anatomical account of the motion of the hesrt and blood ‘ which describes how blood circulates around the body

Question 29

how did william harvey prove galen wrong

Answer 29

he showed that the heart acts as a pump, pumping blood around the body. he did this by : dissecting live cold -blooded animals who heart beat slowly so he could see the movement of each muscle. dissecting human bodies to build up detailed knowledge of the heart, he tried to pump liquid past valves in veins but could not do so. proving that veins carry blood , not blood and air

calculating amount of blood going into the arteries each hour was 3x a mans weight. this showed some blood is being pumped around body by the heart

Question 30

what helped harvey

Answer 30

Harvey was employed by charles I as his personal physician this gave him credibility

individuals such as vesliaus had previously proved parts of the work of galen wrong , which made it easier for other scientists and physicians to do the same

he was exceptionally thorough in his work , spending many hours repeating experiments and going over every detail

new popular teuchnologies , like pump used when fighting fires inspired Harvey to look again at how the heart worked

Question 31

herbal remedies in renaissancd

Answer 31

herbal remedies : handed down through generations from mother - daughter. girls learned to mix up remedies using ingredients like honey when kills bacteria . mary doggett used a remedy for scurvy which is used horseradish roots, white wine, water & a quart of orange juice or 12 thinly cut oranges. scurvy leads to internal bleeding & death is a result of not eating enough fruit & veg

Question 32

bleeding & purging in renaissancd

Answer 32

still very common medical treatments. physicians still believed in theory. even tho they must have weakened patients considerably like charles II. European travels to america & asia bought new ingredients for treatments to england . rhubarb from asia was widely used to purge bowles. Ipecacuanna from brazil prescribed for dysentery & to make ppl vomit

Question 33

god & king in renaissance

Answer 33

between 1660&1682 over 92,000 visited the king court believing if charles II touched them they would be cured from skin disease scrofula, known as king’s evil. being touched by king was as close as being touched by god

Question 34

the great plague causes

Answer 34

same as 1348 (black death )

• 4 humours
• astrology
• miasma
• punishment from god

Question 35

progress : great plague 1665

Answer 35

no meetings of royal society while there’s plague

new microscopes are wonderful- detail your can’t see with naked eye

had books

harvey’s theory that blood circulates round the body

physicians trained at universities , reading books by Greek , Roman and Arab writers. they studied discoveries by Vesalius and Harvey but new ideas were rarely accepted immediately

physicians look down on us as surgeons but u won’t find a physician who can sew up a wound like this

house owners were ordered to sweep the streets outside their homes

plague water! guaranteed protection from the plague! the best wine mixed with the best herbs. three glasses a day and you’ll live to be eighty

Question 36

stagnation / regression in great plague

Answer 36

plague struck in 1665 the mayor of london ordered watchmen to guard houses to make sure the sick and their families stayed shut up

taverns and theatres were closed to stop spreading

fires were lit in the streets to cleanse the poisoned air

another cross on a door god has sent plague to punish our sins. i’m leaving london today to get away from this bad air

you need to start carrying a bunch of herbs to keep bad air away

morher dosed us with rhubarb

Question 37

treatments for the plague

Answer 37

london treacle contained wine, herbs, spices, honey and opium

prayed to sick

have magical / religious charms to wear to cut out buboes

traders sold ‘Great Machines’

wrap ppl in woolen clothes to make sock person sweat until sores befinf to rise - apply pigeon to sores or plaster made of yolk of egg , honey, herbs of grace & wheat and flour

Question 38

how to avoid catching plague

Answer 38

bunches of strong smelling herbs (lavender or sage) hung in doorways

bundles of herbs under nose

when buying food coins so asked in vinegar

drink plague water

stay home to avoid contact w others

keep the air sweet to ward off bad air

Question 39

how to prevent spread of plague

Answer 39

mayor of london published detailed orders

orders weren’t always easy to enforce

fasting

bonfires lit in streets to cleanse air of poison

bedding was hung in smoke fire before being used again

public prayer - people would public ally confess sins & beg god to be merciful

Question 40

causes compared to medieval

Answer 40

medieval - 4 humours, god, astrology, miasma

renaissance the same

Question 41

treatment comparisons to medieval

Answer 41

medieval - blood letting, purging, herbal remedies, praying

renaissance- bleeding & purging, god & king, remedies - folk & herbal

Question 42

prevention compared to medieval

Answer 42

medieval- purifying air, employed ppl to clean streets, good diet, prayer

renaissance- public prayer, bonfires in street to cleanse air, bedding was hung in street in smoke fire before being use again

Question 43

healers and hospitals compared to medieval

Answer 43

medieval- only to care not to cure diseases, run by nuns and monks, hospitals run by churches

renaissance- still about care rather than cure but women would often treat families

Question 44

physicians and training compared to medieval

Answer 44

medieval- diagnose you using urine and astrology, consult astrology to determine best approach of treatment, housewife, dissection of animals

renaissance- harvey & sydenham books were printed as printing press had spread, learnt real anatomy and science, dissection of human ana romy