medieveal mexicine 1250-1500

Question 1

what features helped improve medicine

Answer 1

• education: by 15th century 50% of people in large towns could read
• local councils kept streets clean
• physicians were trained

Question 2

which features helped precent improvements

Answer 2

• printing: didn’t come until 1470s meaning communication was slow to spread
• 90% of people worked as farmers , it was back breaking work
• animals were killed in towns for food creating dung in the streets

Question 3

how did crowded streets lead to spreading disease

Answer 3

lack of drains meant disease spread easily. homes were heated by open fires and being exposed to smoke every day meant lung diseases were common

Question 4

how did physicians get there knowledge

Answer 4

the catholic church used ancient texts, written by leading doctors and physicians such as hippocrates and galen to explain why ppl caught diseases or they saicit was god’s will

Question 5

what are the four humours

Answer 5

phlegm, black bile, blood , yellow bile

Question 6

how did hippocrates thibk docotors should behave

Answer 6

they should have to keep high standards of treatment and behavior and work for the benefit of there patients not just to make themselves wealthy

Question 7

how did Hippocrates think illness should be diagnosed?

Answer 7

clinical observation - look at patients face bad signs are : sharp pointed nose, hollow eyes, dry skin on forehead, strange face colour like green black read or lead coloured. if face is like this at beginning of illness, doctor must ask the patient if he has lost sleep or had diarrhea or not eaten. then recorded how condition changes each day

Question 8

how does Hippocrates think illness should be treated

Answer 8

must use natural treatment because illnesses have natural causes. many illnesses can be treated by rest and a change in diet. then when you feel stronger do regular excercise. if this doesn’t work then we can bleed or purge you to remove excess humors so they are balanced

Question 9

what does hippocrates think caused illness

Answer 9

the body contains four humors, when we are healthy these are perfectly balanced in our bodies but we fall sick when they become unbalanced and we have too much or too little of that humor

Question 10

how does hippocrates think we should stay healthy

Answer 10

hippocrates also emphasized the importance of helping people to stay healthy. he recommended a light diet, gentle excercise and rest to keep the body’s humors balanced

Question 11

how does hippocrates think physicians should learn about the body

Answer 11

hippocrates wrote some of the books known as the hippocrates collection but many were written by other doctors. this collection is important because it is the first detailed list of symptoms and treatments. they used theories and methods in these books for many centuries

Question 12

what had Galen achieved at 16

Answer 12

began studying medicine at great medical school in Alexandria. became a surgeon at a gladiators school - treating wounds

Question 13

what had galen achieved at 20

Answer 13

he moved to Rome- dissecting animals and giving talks, when plague broke out he took care of royal family and remained doctor to emperor for rest of life

Question 14

how did galen advance hippocrates theory of the four humours

Answer 14

galen’s work was built on Hippocratic collection.

observation - Galen told them to observe and examine patients taking pulse and detailed notes

treatment- he followed hippocrates in giving advice on diet and excercise to prevent illness his most common treatment was bleeding. opposite to Hippocrates- he would treat with hot ingredients unless disease was caused by eat , hot have cold cold have hot

Question 15

what were galen’s four main aspects

Answer 15

careful observation

theory of opposites

dissection & surgery - knowledge of anatomy

wrote over 350 medical books ( main books used for over 1500 years )

Question 16

what were galen’s thoughts on anatomy and dissection

Answer 16

Galen disagreed with Hippocrates and believed that physicians should know as much as possible about structure and workings of body. if possible he would dissect human bodies if not apes because they were most like humans.

Question 17

what were Galen’s mistakes

Answer 17

blood: cutting yourself to bleed urself for balance
anatomy: dissecting pigs and apes and thinking they are like humans

Question 18

what are 3 reasons Galen remained very influential

Answer 18

• influence of church: church promoted/ believed in galen
• lack of alternatives: no scientific proof for any other ideas
• importance of book learning : most couldn’t read or write ; only read hippocrates and galen

Question 19

how did medieval people believe the god or devil / evil spirits caused illness

Answer 19

they believed god often allowed plagues, miserable famines, conflicts , wars and other forms of suffering to terrify and torment men and to drive out their sins. it was believed god can send illnesses as punishment . evil spirit - this evidencing kills almost instantly you would have to pray to god for healing

Question 20

how did medieval people thibk miasma caused illness

Answer 20

miasma was bad air that was believed to be filled with harmful fumes. hippocrates & galen suggested that swamps, corpses and other rotting matter could transmit disease

associated with god , a clean and sweet smelling home was a sign of spirtual cleanliness. people would burn incense

Question 21

how did medieval people tbibk astrology caused illness

Answer 21

guy de chauliac , a french doctor: ‘general cause was close proximity as the 3 great planets saturn, jupiter and mars . a coming together of planets is always a sign of wonderful , terrible or violent things to come

Question 22

how did medieval people think the four humors caused illness

Answer 22

theory widely accepted by doctors as an explanation for illness as they were still reading galen.

galen said in his book the body does not become sick unless it already contains evil humors

they also thought blocked digestive system could cause illness

Question 23

how did the church influence medieval medicine

Answer 23

the church was very important in maintains status meaning they didn’t like change and wanted to keep things the way they were. the church controlled medical learning and chose which books were copied and distributed . church liked the theory of the four humours as it fitted with their teaching therefore promoted this theory & they strongly discouraged anyone criticizing the theory

Question 24

how did science and technology influence medieval medicine

Answer 24

a lack of scientific understanding meant that new knowledge was limited. physicians and medical students tried to make new discoveries fit into old theories instead of experimenting to explain the discoveries. the printing press in 1440 led to faster and easier sharing of medical texts . however it didn’t have a huge impact

Question 25

how did attitudes in society influence believes of medieval medicine

Answer 25

people had strong beliefs in god and didn’t want to risk going to hell by being critical of church. physicians who didn’t follow old ideas found it hard to find work because everyone knew a ‘good’ physician who would follow theory of 4 humours. a famous 13th century military surgeon , Henri de Mondeville, questioned using the old ways of practicing medicine . however he eveb continued to practice medicine in the same way as he probably wouldn’t have found emplyokent otherwise

Question 26

what were supernatural medieval treatments

Answer 26

astrology / zodiac signs ( if you had pain in certain place it was linked to certain astrology sign)

pilgrimage (group of people go to a holy sight and then they are all cured, linked to god & evil spirits )

praying ( priest cures ill people this treatment links to cause from god and devil )

touched by the king ( would go to the king and he would heal u)

Question 27

what were natural medieval treatments

Answer 27

blood letting / balancing humours ( cutting a vein, leeches took 10 hours used for old age or poor condition , cupping where a heating cup placed over cuts to create a vacuum )

purging ( laxatives - linseeds fried in hot fat, dyster or enema or mallow leaves stewed i jake

remedies ( herbals aloe bars mint or camomile, superstition suffering from being paralysed book a fox & bath with it

bathing ( steam , draw body heat , herbs in baths )

barber surgeon ( used urine charts looked at colour taste and smell , amputations , put a fleam on a vein till the wound bleeds open, put medicine in clister stick it up there bum at least 6 inches for it to work

wise women ( cured things like warts)

Question 28

if u went to the trained physical for treatment what happened

Answer 28

treatment - will diagnose you using your urine and astrology - administers treatment based on galen

experience- has had training at medical scjool and passed exams - consults astrology to determine best approcahc of treatment

cost of treatment - can be expensive you pay for every visit . will be male - women physicians were rare at this point

Question 29

treatment at apothecary

Answer 29

knowledge : mixes various ingredients to produce medicines or ointments for physician - is most likely male

experience - trainer but has no medical qualifications

cost- cheaper than having to consult a physician and then pay apothecary for same medicine

Question 30

treatment w barber surgeon

Answer 30

knowledge : practices lots of blood letting, can also pull out rotten teeth and lance boils . basic surgery - cutting out bladder stones or amputating limbs

experience : not trained and not respected by trained physicians - can also cut ur hair

uses no anaesthetics has low success rate for surgery

Question 31

treatment w hospital

Answer 31

knowledge: rub by monks & nuns , christianity values caring for others , usually for old specific illnesses : leprosy - sick peiple looked after at home

experience : after reformation ( 16th century ) free hospitals were set up in towns funded by charity

Question 32

treatment w housewife physician

Answer 32

knowledge: knew traditional remedies for things like sore throats, stomach aches or temperature. can deal with broken bones and child birth

experience : could be lady of manor- remedies based on herbs and other plants and based on charms and spells

cost- free

Question 33

what did too many animals effect in keeping towns clean

Answer 33

problem - cattle , sheep and geese continually arrived to be butchered for food, horses were main form of transport yet left trails of dung in street

solution- small number of rakers were employed to clean streets . newcastle has a paved street making them drier and easier to clean

Question 34

waste and litter problem and solution

Answer 34

problem : people dropped waste and litter of all kinds and sometimes used streets as latrines. butchers threw bloody waste and animal parts in the street.

solution: laws were passed to punish throwing waste. butchers had to get rid of waste outside city walls. public latrines were built in norwich & many other towns including over a dozen in london

Question 35

how did the church help prevent disease

Answer 35

most people believed the best way and most important way to prevent disease was to sin. regular prayers and confessions to ensure any minor sins were quickly forgotten

Question 36

how did hygiene help prevent disease

Answer 36

once your spiritual health was taken care of it was important to concentrate on your bodily health. guidance was contained in instructions known as regimen sanitais

Question 37

how did diet help prevent disease

Answer 37

since the humors were thoufht to be produced by digestion. what and when you were both considered important in preventing an imbalance. eating too much was strongly discouraged . at the time , several medieval kings died of eating too much of having too rich a diet. edward 1 died of dysentery (very severe diarrhea )

Question 38

how did purifying the air help prevent disease

Answer 38

people attempted to keep air free from miasma by purifying it. they stressed sweet herbs such as lavender . sometimes this was carried as a posy of flowers or placed inside a decorative piece of jewellery called a pomander ( a large locket , usually worn around waist )

Question 39

how did regiment sanitais prevent disease

Answer 39

a loose set of instructions proved by physicians to help a patient maintain good health. first appeared in work of hippocrates and later picked up by galen

ideally a physician would produce one written especially for their partient taking into account their predominant humors and lifestyle. however this serve was only used by rich as it took such a long time to write detailed set of instructions only wealthy could afford a private bath of hot water whereas poor people swam in rivers

Question 40

symptoms of black death

Answer 40

chest pains & breathing troubles

fever

boils and black buboes in groin and armpits

sneezing & coughing up blood

Question 41

back ground on black death

Answer 41

black death was an outbreak of bubonic plague

bacteria carried in digestive system of fleas who arrived in england or rats

spread by flea bites

main symptom was buboes which is swelling in armpit or groin filled with pus

Question 42

religious/ supernatural causes preventions and treatments of black death

Answer 42

causes: in 1345 unusual position of planets : mars jupiter saturn which astrologers interprested as a sign that something wonderful of terrible was abt to happen
treatments: main recommendation was to confess your sin and ask god for forgiveness through prayer however once caught ppl believed it was gods will if it was his will then patients should die as no cure would work

prevention - pray fo god and fast, go on pilgrimage & make offerings to god, show god how sorry you are by self flagellation (whipping urself ) large groups wandered streets of london chanting and whipping themselves

Question 43

natural cause treatments and preventions of black death

Answer 43

causes : impure air. breathing in miasma causes corruption to body’s humors. people believed this impure air originated from poisonous fumes realest by an earthquake or volcano

treatments: to begin with they tried purging and bleeding but this ended up making ppl die more quickly. recommended like aloe & mryhh or pescribe therica. physicians often lanced buboes , people whose buboes burst survive

prevention : Guy de Chauliac advised ppl to go quickly go far and return slowly . essential to escape foul air to stay healthy. carry posy of flowers, unlike usual avoid bathing as was believed it would open skins pores to corrupt air

Question 44

common beliefs causes prevetnkh and treatment of black death

Answer 44

causes- in europe many ppl blamed the jewish population for spread of black death but Jews had been expelled from england in the 13th century so this wasn’t case in england

treatment- held strong christian believes and would hv gone to confession and prayed as well as seeking traditional cures. it quickly became clear that neither priests or physicians were capable of curing. lack of medical knowledge abt what caused made it impossible to cure

prevention : physician in italy recommenced joyful things like listening to cheerful music and avoid anything sad. physicians were willing to suggest anything to prevent from catching disease . people stopped visiting family who had caught plague

Question 45

government action preventions of black death

Answer 45

laws were put in place to try to stop people from moving around too much. people new to area had to stay away from everyone for 40 days to ensure they weren’t carrying disease