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Europe > Renaissance And Reformation > Flashcards

Renaissance And Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

Petrarch

A

Italian scholar, known as the ‘Father of Humanism.’

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2
Q

Gutenberg

A

Inventor of the printing press, revolutionizing information spread.

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3
Q

Michelangelo

A

Renaissance artist famous for the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

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4
Q

Da Vinci

A

Polymath known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

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5
Q

Durer

A

German artist noted for detailed woodcuts and engravings.

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6
Q

Raphael

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Painter known for harmonious and balanced compositions.

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7
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella

A

Catholic Monarchs who unified Spain and sponsored Columbus.

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8
Q

Henry VII

A

Founder of Tudor dynasty, stabilized post-Wars of the Roses.

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9
Q

Henry VIII

A

King known for six marriages and Church of England’s establishment.

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10
Q

Pope Leo X

A

Medici pope whose spending sparked the Protestant Reformation.

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11
Q

Tudors

A

Ruling dynasty from Henry VII to Elizabeth I in England.

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12
Q

Habsburgs

A

Royal family controlling the Holy Roman Empire for centuries.

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13
Q

Medici Family

A

Wealthy patrons of arts, rulers of Florence during Renaissance.

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14
Q

Christian Humanists

A

Scholars like Erasmus who sought Church reform through texts.

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15
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

Conflict between England and France over territorial claims.

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16
Q

War of the Roses

A

Dynastic conflicts for English throne between Lancaster and York.

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17
Q

Italian Wars

A

Conflicts for control over Italian territories among European powers.

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18
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A

Period of papacy residing in Avignon, declining authority.

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19
Q

Great Schism

A

Division in Catholic Church with multiple papal claimants.

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20
Q

Council of Constance

A

Ended Great Schism by electing Pope Martin V.

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21
Q

Secularization

A

Diminished influence of religion in society during Renaissance.

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22
Q

Nepotism

A

Favoritism towards relatives, common in power structures.

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23
Q

Renaissance

A

Cultural rebirth beginning in Italy, emphasizing classical learning.

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24
Q

Renaissance Man

A

Individual with expertise across multiple fields.

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25
Q

City-states

A

Independent cities like Florence, key to Renaissance culture.

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26
Q

Papal States

A

Territories controlled by the Pope, significant in politics.

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27
Q

Scholasticism

A

Medieval tradition reconciling faith with reason, influenced by Aristotle.

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28
Q

Humanism

A

Intellectual movement emphasizing classical texts and human potential.

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29
Q

Vernacular

A

Local languages used in literature, enhancing accessibility.

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30
Q

Hanseatic League

A

Alliance of merchant guilds dominating Northern European trade.

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31
Q

Politiques

A

Leaders prioritizing political unity over religious conformity.

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32
Q

Henry III

A

Last Valois king, reign marked by religious conflict.

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33
Q

Henry of Navarre

A

Converted to Catholicism to unify France as Henry IV.

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34
Q

Henry of Guise

A

Leader of ultra-Catholic faction during French Wars of Religion.

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35
Q

Catherine de’ Medici

A

Queen who influenced religious conflicts in France.

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36
Q

John Calvin

A

Protestant reformer known for Calvinism and predestination.

37
Q

Armand Richelieu

A

Cardinal who centralized power in France under Louis XIII.

38
Q

Louis XIII

A

King who reinforced absolute monarchy with Richelieu’s help.

39
Q

Edict of Nantes

A

Decree granting religious tolerance to Huguenots in France.

40
Q

Huguenots

A

French Protestants influenced by Calvinism, often persecuted.

41
Q

War of Three Henries

A

Conflict among Henry III, Navarre, and Guise over religion.

42
Q

Indulgences

A

Selling remissions for sins, catalyst for Martin Luther’s 95 Theses.

43
Q

Simony

A

Buying and selling of church offices, widely condemned.

44
Q

Counter-Reformation

A

Catholic response to Protestantism, aimed at internal reform.

45
Q

Council of Trent

A

Catholic council addressing doctrinal challenges (1543-1563).

46
Q

The Index

A

List of prohibited books by the Catholic Church.

47
Q

Papal Bull

A

Official decree asserting papal authority.

48
Q

Inquisition

A

Church tribunals eliminating heresy during Counter-Reformation.

49
Q

Charles I & V

A

King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor facing Protestantism.

50
Q

Philip II

A

Catholic king of Spain opposing Protestantism, Spanish Armada leader.

51
Q

The Armada

A

Failed Spanish naval invasion of England in 1588.

52
Q

Society of Jesus

A

Jesuit order focused on education and combating Protestantism.

53
Q

Ignatius Loyola

A

Founder of the Jesuits, promoted spiritual discipline.

54
Q

Protestantism

A

Reform movement rejecting papal authority, returning to Scripture.

55
Q

Christian Humanism

A

Blend of humanist and religious ideas advocating church reform.

56
Q

Excommunication

A

Expulsion from the Church, often against reformers.

57
Q

Communion / Eucharist

A

Sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, varies by denomination.

58
Q

Lutheranism

A

Protestant branch emphasizing faith alone and Scripture’s authority.

59
Q

Calvinism

A

Theological system stressing predestination and God’s sovereignty.

60
Q

Anabaptists

A

Radical reformers advocating adult baptism and church-state separation.

61
Q

Martin Luther

A

Key figure in Reformation, known for 95 Theses.

62
Q

Johann Tetzel

A

Friar whose indulgence sales provoked Luther’s protest.

63
Q

Desiderius Erasmus

A

Christian humanist criticizing church corruption.

64
Q

Johann Gutenberg

A

Inventor of the printing press, spread Reformation ideas.

65
Q

Albrecht Durer

A

Artist known for woodcuts reflecting Protestant ideals.

66
Q

John Eck

A

Theologian who defended Catholic authority against Luther.

67
Q

Jan Hus

A

Czech reformer executed for challenging church authority.

68
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

Alliance of Protestant princes against Charles V.

69
Q

Thirty Years’ War

A

Conflict driven by religious tensions, ended in 1648.

70
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

Peace treaties ending Thirty Years’ War, establishing state sovereignty.

71
Q

Peasant War

A

1524-1525 revolt by German peasants influenced by Reformation.

72
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555 agreement allowing princes to choose religion.

73
Q

Diet of Worms

A

Imperial council where Luther refused to recant.

74
Q

Catherine of Aragon

A

Henry VIII’s first wife, marriage annulment led to Reformation.

75
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

Second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth I.

76
Q

Thomas More

A

Catholic martyr opposing Henry VIII’s policies.

77
Q

Edward VI

A

Henry VIII’s son, continued Protestant reforms.

78
Q

Mary Tudor

A

Henry VIII’s daughter, persecuted Protestants to restore Catholicism.

79
Q

Queen Elizabeth

A

Solidified Anglican Church, defeated Spanish Armada.

80
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Leader of Roundheads, ruled as Lord Protector.

81
Q

John Knox

A

Scottish reformer who founded Presbyterianism.

82
Q

James I & Charles I

A

Kings facing conflicts with Parliament, leading to Civil War.

83
Q

John Wycliffe

A

Early reformer who translated the Bible into English.

84
Q

Charles II

A

Restored monarchy after Cromwell’s rule.

85
Q

William and Mary

A

Took throne in bloodless coup, established constitutional monarchy.

86
Q

Bill of Rights

A

1689 document limiting monarchy’s powers in England.

87
Q

Puritans

A

Religious group seeking to purify the Church of England.

88
Q

Roundheads

A

Supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War.

Europe (3 decks)

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