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Renaissance And Reformation Flashcards

1
Q

Petrarch

A

Italian scholar, known as the ‘Father of Humanism.’

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2
Q

Gutenberg

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Inventor of the printing press, revolutionizing information spread.

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3
Q

Michelangelo

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Renaissance artist famous for the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

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4
Q

Da Vinci

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Polymath known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

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5
Q

Durer

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German artist noted for detailed woodcuts and engravings.

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6
Q

Raphael

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Painter known for harmonious and balanced compositions.

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7
Q

Ferdinand and Isabella

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Catholic Monarchs who unified Spain and sponsored Columbus.

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8
Q

Henry VII

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Founder of Tudor dynasty, stabilized post-Wars of the Roses.

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9
Q

Henry VIII

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King known for six marriages and Church of England’s establishment.

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10
Q

Pope Leo X

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Medici pope whose spending sparked the Protestant Reformation.

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11
Q

Tudors

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Ruling dynasty from Henry VII to Elizabeth I in England.

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12
Q

Habsburgs

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Royal family controlling the Holy Roman Empire for centuries.

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13
Q

Medici Family

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Wealthy patrons of arts, rulers of Florence during Renaissance.

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14
Q

Christian Humanists

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Scholars like Erasmus who sought Church reform through texts.

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15
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

Conflict between England and France over territorial claims.

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16
Q

War of the Roses

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Dynastic conflicts for English throne between Lancaster and York.

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17
Q

Italian Wars

A

Conflicts for control over Italian territories among European powers.

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18
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A

Period of papacy residing in Avignon, declining authority.

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19
Q

Great Schism

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Division in Catholic Church with multiple papal claimants.

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20
Q

Council of Constance

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Ended Great Schism by electing Pope Martin V.

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21
Q

Secularization

A

Diminished influence of religion in society during Renaissance.

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22
Q

Nepotism

A

Favoritism towards relatives, common in power structures.

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23
Q

Renaissance

A

Cultural rebirth beginning in Italy, emphasizing classical learning.

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24
Q

Renaissance Man

A

Individual with expertise across multiple fields.

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25
City-states
Independent cities like Florence, key to Renaissance culture.
26
Papal States
Territories controlled by the Pope, significant in politics.
27
Scholasticism
Medieval tradition reconciling faith with reason, influenced by Aristotle.
28
Humanism
Intellectual movement emphasizing classical texts and human potential.
29
Vernacular
Local languages used in literature, enhancing accessibility.
30
Hanseatic League
Alliance of merchant guilds dominating Northern European trade.
31
Politiques
Leaders prioritizing political unity over religious conformity.
32
Henry III
Last Valois king, reign marked by religious conflict.
33
Henry of Navarre
Converted to Catholicism to unify France as Henry IV.
34
Henry of Guise
Leader of ultra-Catholic faction during French Wars of Religion.
35
Catherine de' Medici
Queen who influenced religious conflicts in France.
36
John Calvin
Protestant reformer known for Calvinism and predestination.
37
Armand Richelieu
Cardinal who centralized power in France under Louis XIII.
38
Louis XIII
King who reinforced absolute monarchy with Richelieu's help.
39
Edict of Nantes
Decree granting religious tolerance to Huguenots in France.
40
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by Calvinism, often persecuted.
41
War of Three Henries
Conflict among Henry III, Navarre, and Guise over religion.
42
Indulgences
Selling remissions for sins, catalyst for Martin Luther's 95 Theses.
43
Simony
Buying and selling of church offices, widely condemned.
44
Counter-Reformation
Catholic response to Protestantism, aimed at internal reform.
45
Council of Trent
Catholic council addressing doctrinal challenges (1543-1563).
46
The Index
List of prohibited books by the Catholic Church.
47
Papal Bull
Official decree asserting papal authority.
48
Inquisition
Church tribunals eliminating heresy during Counter-Reformation.
49
Charles I & V
King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor facing Protestantism.
50
Philip II
Catholic king of Spain opposing Protestantism, Spanish Armada leader.
51
The Armada
Failed Spanish naval invasion of England in 1588.
52
Society of Jesus
Jesuit order focused on education and combating Protestantism.
53
Ignatius Loyola
Founder of the Jesuits, promoted spiritual discipline.
54
Protestantism
Reform movement rejecting papal authority, returning to Scripture.
55
Christian Humanism
Blend of humanist and religious ideas advocating church reform.
56
Excommunication
Expulsion from the Church, often against reformers.
57
Communion / Eucharist
Sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, varies by denomination.
58
Lutheranism
Protestant branch emphasizing faith alone and Scripture's authority.
59
Calvinism
Theological system stressing predestination and God's sovereignty.
60
Anabaptists
Radical reformers advocating adult baptism and church-state separation.
61
Martin Luther
Key figure in Reformation, known for 95 Theses.
62
Johann Tetzel
Friar whose indulgence sales provoked Luther's protest.
63
Desiderius Erasmus
Christian humanist criticizing church corruption.
64
Johann Gutenberg
Inventor of the printing press, spread Reformation ideas.
65
Albrecht Durer
Artist known for woodcuts reflecting Protestant ideals.
66
John Eck
Theologian who defended Catholic authority against Luther.
67
Jan Hus
Czech reformer executed for challenging church authority.
68
Schmalkaldic League
Alliance of Protestant princes against Charles V.
69
Thirty Years' War
Conflict driven by religious tensions, ended in 1648.
70
Treaty of Westphalia
Peace treaties ending Thirty Years' War, establishing state sovereignty.
71
Peasant War
1524-1525 revolt by German peasants influenced by Reformation.
72
Peace of Augsburg
1555 agreement allowing princes to choose religion.
73
Diet of Worms
Imperial council where Luther refused to recant.
74
Catherine of Aragon
Henry VIII's first wife, marriage annulment led to Reformation.
75
Anne Boleyn
Second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth I.
76
Thomas More
Catholic martyr opposing Henry VIII's policies.
77
Edward VI
Henry VIII's son, continued Protestant reforms.
78
Mary Tudor
Henry VIII's daughter, persecuted Protestants to restore Catholicism.
79
Queen Elizabeth
Solidified Anglican Church, defeated Spanish Armada.
80
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of Roundheads, ruled as Lord Protector.
81
John Knox
Scottish reformer who founded Presbyterianism.
82
James I & Charles I
Kings facing conflicts with Parliament, leading to Civil War.
83
John Wycliffe
Early reformer who translated the Bible into English.
84
Charles II
Restored monarchy after Cromwell's rule.
85
William and Mary
Took throne in bloodless coup, established constitutional monarchy.
86
Bill of Rights
1689 document limiting monarchy's powers in England.
87
Puritans
Religious group seeking to purify the Church of England.
88
Roundheads
Supporters of Parliament in the English Civil War.

Europe (4 decks)

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