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Europe > Absolutism and enlightenment > Flashcards

Absolutism and enlightenment Flashcards

1
Q

Rev. of Edict of Nantes

A

The revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) by Louis XIV ended religious freedom for the French Protestants and led to their persecution.

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2
Q

Versailles

A

The grand palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing absolute monarch and centralizing political power in France

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3
Q

Court Etiquette

A

The formal rules and rituals followed at royal courts, used to reinforce social hierarchy and control

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4
Q

Absolutism

A

A political system where a monarch holds absolute power over the government ad the people, often justified by divine right

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5
Q

Deism

A

A philosophical belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in its operations, emphasizing reason and nuatural laws

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6
Q

Commonwealth

A

A republican form of government without a monarch, exemplified by Oliver Cromwell’s rule in England

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7
Q

Tsar / Czar

A

The title for the emperor of Russia, derived from “Caesar”, denoting absolute rule

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8
Q

Bill of rights

A

A 1689 English law that limited royal power and affirmed the rights of Parliament and individuals

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9
Q

Philosophes

A

Enlightenment thinkers in France who promoted reason, individual liberty, and reforms in government and society

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10
Q

Pietism

A

A religious movement in the 17th - 18th centuries emphasizing personal faith, devotion, and piety over formal church rituals

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11
Q

Mercantilism

A

An economic theory that advocated for a nation’s strength through accumulating wealth, typically through a favorable balance of trade

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12
Q

Glorious Revolution

A

The 1688 overthrow of James II of England, leading to the ascension of William and Mary and the establishment of constitutional monarch

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13
Q

The Academies

A

Institutions in the 167th and 18th centuries in Euopre promoting the arts, sciences, and education, such as the French Academy of Sciences.

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14
Q

Enlightened Despot

A

A monarch who rules with absolute power but embraces Enlightenment ideas like rationality, legal reform, and individual rights

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15
Q

Rationalism

A

The philosophy that reason and knowledge are the primary source of truth and understanding, often associated with Enlightenment thinkers

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16
Q

Pragmatic Sanction

A

A 1713 decree issued by Charles VI of Austria ensuring that his daughter, Maria Theresa, could inherit the Habsburg lands

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17
Q

Restoration

A

The return of Charles II to the English throne in 1660, restoring the monarchy after the collapse of the Commonwealth.

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18
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal, dividing the New World between them to avoid conflict over newly discovered lands.

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19
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between the Americas, Europe, and Africa after Christopher Columbus’s voyages.

20
Q

France

A

A European country known for its monarchy, culture, and influence in European politics, particularly under the Bourbons.

21
Q

Bourbons

A

A royal family in France, most notably represented by Louis XIV and Louis XVI, whose reigns shaped French history.

22
Q

Cardinal Richelieu

A

Chief minister to Louis XIII of France who strengthened the monarchy and centralized power, especially during the Thirty Years’ War.

23
Q

Louis XIV

A

Known as the Sun King, hes reigh symbolized absolute monarch and centralized power in France

24
Q

Louis XVI

A

The last king of France before the French Revolution, whose inability to solver France’s financial crises led to his downfall

25
Q

James I

A

The first Stuart king of England whose reign saw tensions between monarchy and Parliament

26
Q

Charles I

A

English king whose conflict with Parliament led to the English Civil War and his eventual execution in 1649

27
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

Leader of the Parliamentary forces in the English Civil War, who ruled as Lord Protector

28
Q

James II

A

The last Catholic monarch of England, whose reign ended with the Glorious Revolution and the ascendancy of William and Mary

29
Q

William and Mary

A

Joint monarchs of England after the Glorious Revolution, who accepted the Bill of Rights and limited the power of the crown

30
Q

George II

A

King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1727 to 1760, the last British monarch born outside Great Britain

31
Q

Austria

A

European empire ruled by the Habsburgs, influential in European politics and war during the 17th and 18th centuries

32
Q

Hapsburgs

A

A European royal family that ruled Austria and other territories for centuries, shaping the politics of Central Euopre

33
Q

Charles VI

A

Holy Roman Emeror who issued the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure his daughter Maria Theresa’s succession

34
Q

Marie Theressa

A

The only female ruler of Habsburgs dominions, whose reign was marked by reforms and military conflict

35
Q

Henry VIII

A

King of England whose creation of the Church of England split from the Catholic Church and reshaped English religion and politics

36
Q

Edward VI

A

King of England, son of Henry VII, known for his Protestant reforms, through his reign was short

37
Q

Mary

A

Queen of England, daughter of Henry VII, known for her efforts ro restore Catholicism during her reign

38
Q

Elizabeth I

A

Queen of England, daughter of Henry VII, who established the Protestant Church of England and led England to a Golden Age

39
Q

Prussia

A

A European state known for its military prowess, which rose to prominence under the Hohenzollern dynasty

40
Q

Hohenzollerns

A

A royal family that ruled Prussia and later the German Emipre, centralizing power and expanding their territory

41
Q

Frederick II (the Great)

A

King of Prussia (1740 - 1786) who modernized the military and pursued Enlightenment-inspired reforms

42
Q

Russia

A

A vast empire led by the Romanovs, known for its transformation under rulers like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great

43
Q

Romanovs

A

The ruleing family of Russia from 1613 until the 1917 Revolution, overseeing major territorial and political expanision

44
Q

Mikhail Romanov

A

The first Romanov Tsar of Russia, whose reign stabilized Russia after the Time of Troubles

45
Q

Peter the Great

A

Tsar of Russia who sought to modernize and westernice Russia, establishing St. Petersburg and expanding Russian influence

46
Q

Catherin the Great

A

Empress of Russia, known for her expansion of Russian territory and her Enlightenment-sinspired reforms

Europe (4 decks)

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